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EspañolWINDOWS 3.1X
:''This article is about the DOS-based operating environment. For the version of Microsoft Windows built on the Windows NT kernel, see Windows NT 3.1.''
'Windows 3.1x' is a graphical user interface and a part of the Microsoft Windows software family. Several editions were released between 1992 and 1994, succeeding Windows 3.0. This family of Windows can run in either Standard or 386 Enhanced memory modes. The exception is Windows for Workgroups 3.11, which can only officially run in 386 Enhanced mode.
''Windows 3.1'' (originally codenamed ''Janus'', of which two betas were published), released on March 18, 1992, includes a TrueType font system (and a set of highly legible fonts already installed), which effectively made Windows a serious desktop publishing platform for the first time. Similar functionality was available for Windows 3.0 through the Adobe Type Manager (ATM) font system from Adobe.
Windows 3.1 was designed to have a large degree of backward compatibility with older Windows platforms. As with Windows 3.0, version 3.1 had File Manager and Program Manager, but unlike all previous versions, Windows 3.1 and later supported 32-bit disk access, couldn't run in real mode, and included Minesweeper instead of Reversi.
A special version named ''Windows 3.1 for Central and Eastern Europe'' was released that allowed the use of Cyrillic and had fonts with diacritical marks characteristic of Central and Eastern European languages. Microsoft, which introduced its own codepage ('Windows-1250') and supported its use in violation of many countries' ISO standards (''e.g.'', the official Polish codepage is ISO-8859-2, which was ignored by Microsoft but is supported by contemporary Internet Explorer versions). Similarly, Microsoft also released ''Windows 3.1J'' with support for the Japanese language, which shipped 1.46 million copies in its first year on the market (1993) in Japan.[1]
Microsoft also released an update for Windows 3.1 which (aside from installing new files) changes the Windows version displayed in "About" dialog boxes to 3.11. Thus, ''Windows 3.11'' isn't a standalone version of Windows, but rather a software update from Windows 3.1, much like modern Windows service packs. For those who did not own Windows 3.1, full disk sets of Windows 3.11 were available at the time.
Microsoft released a Simplified Chinese version of Windows for the Chinese market. The updated system identified itself as ''Windows 3.2''. The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language. [1]
Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.
''Modular Windows'' is a special version of ''Windows 3.1'', designed to run on the Tandy Video Information System.
Windows for Workgroups was an extension that allowed users to share their resources and to request those of others without a centralized authentication server. It used the SMB protocol over Netbios.
''Windows for Workgroups 3.1'' (originally codenamed ''Kato''), released in October 1992, features native networking support. Windows for Workgroups 3.1 is an extended version of Windows 3.1 which comes with SMB file sharing support via the NetBIOS based NBF and/or IPX network transport protocols, includes the Hearts card game, and introduced VSHARE.386, the Virtual Device Driver version of the SHARE.EXE Terminate and Stay Resident program.
Finally, ''Windows for Workgroups 3.11'' (originally codenamed ''Snowball'') was released in December 1993. It supported 32-bit file access, full 32-bit network redirectors, and the VCACHE.386 file cache, shared between them. The standard execution mode of the Windows kernel was discontinued in Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
A Winsock package was required to support TCP/IP networking in Windows 3.x. Usually third-party packages were used, but in August 1994 Microsoft released an add-on package (codenamed ''Wolverine'') which provided limited TCP/IP support in Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
Limited compatibility with the (then-new) 32-bit Windows API used by Windows NT was provided by another add-on package, Win32s. There was a rumor that Microsoft didn't want to increment any mainstream Windows 3.1x version to something like "Windows 3.2" because it could be scrambled with the Win32 API or otherwise distract consumers from upgrading to some 'real 32-bit OS' like the then-upcoming Windows 95 was. In fact, only for the limited Chinese market did Microsoft release a true Windows 3.2 version (see Windows 3.2 section).
Windows 3.x was eventually superseded by Windows 95, Windows 98, and later versions which integrated the MS-DOS and Windows components into a single product.
Windows 3.x requires pre-installation of MS-DOS (or a compatible operating system), which must be booted on PC startup. Windows is started as an application program, and can be terminated at any time, returning the user to the MS-DOS prompt. MS-DOS also provides device drivers for certain tasks such as CD-ROM or network access, specifically remote disk drive or remote printer access; these drivers run in real mode. In 386 enhanced mode of Windows for Workgroups, the networking drivers are running in protected mode. Windows requires specifically written applications, and has a specific on-disk file format, which is much more complicated than the format of MS-DOS executables. It has many of its own device drivers and for the most part its own memory management system.
Other considerations include the fact that MS-DOS does not isolate applications from the hardware and does not protect itself from applications. The memory-resident part of MS-DOS is akin to a library of routines for dealing with disk-type peripherals and loading applications from them; an MS-DOS program is free to do whatever it desires, notably replacing or bypassing part or all of MS-DOS code, temporarily or permanently - Loadlin uses this very method to boot the Linux kernel from DOS. Windows took advantage of this, and the degree to which bypassing was performed increased with every new release. Windows 3.1 and its 32-bit Disk Access superseded the BIOS code for accessing disks, while 32-bit File Access of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 bypassed the native MS-DOS code for accessing files. This opened the way for Windows 95's support for Long File Names, which made DOS file code and related 8.3 filename utilities obsolete.
Furthermore, an MS-DOS program running in the Windows environment can take advantage of those features of Windows which are natively unsupported by DOS. An MS-DOS program running on Windows for Workgroups 3.11 automatically uses 32-bit File Access rather than the native MS-DOS file and disk access routines. Similarly, a specially written MS-DOS program running on Windows 95 can access long file names.
Windows NT and its successors represent operating systems completely separate from MS-DOS legacy and their kernel is entirely composed of 32-bit code. MS-DOS (and Windows 3.x) programs run inside virtual DOS machines, which are implemented ''over'' the normal system API rather than underlying the system.
Windows 3.1x introduced new possibilities for applications, especially multimedia applications. During this era, Microsoft developed a new range of software that was implemented on this operating system, called Microsoft Home.
1. DOS/V, Windows, Prices, and the Future
★ Technical articles discussing the Windows 3.1 architecture
★ GUIdebook: Windows 3.1 Gallery - A website dedicated to preserving and showcasing Graphical User Interfaces
★ HPC:Factor Windows 3.1x Patches & Updates Guide
★ Win3x.Org - (en / fr) Resources, abandonware and support for windows 3x
★ Windows 3.1 Rocks Mailing List Support, links and freeware downloads for users of Windows 3x.
★ Lightspeed Reference Page Good place to find programs to run on Windows 3.1 and links to most important Windows 3.1 websites.
'Windows 3.1x' is a graphical user interface and a part of the Microsoft Windows software family. Several editions were released between 1992 and 1994, succeeding Windows 3.0. This family of Windows can run in either Standard or 386 Enhanced memory modes. The exception is Windows for Workgroups 3.11, which can only officially run in 386 Enhanced mode.
Windows 3.1
Base version
''Windows 3.1'' (originally codenamed ''Janus'', of which two betas were published), released on March 18, 1992, includes a TrueType font system (and a set of highly legible fonts already installed), which effectively made Windows a serious desktop publishing platform for the first time. Similar functionality was available for Windows 3.0 through the Adobe Type Manager (ATM) font system from Adobe.
Windows 3.1 was designed to have a large degree of backward compatibility with older Windows platforms. As with Windows 3.0, version 3.1 had File Manager and Program Manager, but unlike all previous versions, Windows 3.1 and later supported 32-bit disk access, couldn't run in real mode, and included Minesweeper instead of Reversi.
Windows 3.1 start up screen
Windows 3.1 desktop showing a customized color theme
Versions with special font support
A special version named ''Windows 3.1 for Central and Eastern Europe'' was released that allowed the use of Cyrillic and had fonts with diacritical marks characteristic of Central and Eastern European languages. Microsoft, which introduced its own codepage ('Windows-1250') and supported its use in violation of many countries' ISO standards (''e.g.'', the official Polish codepage is ISO-8859-2, which was ignored by Microsoft but is supported by contemporary Internet Explorer versions). Similarly, Microsoft also released ''Windows 3.1J'' with support for the Japanese language, which shipped 1.46 million copies in its first year on the market (1993) in Japan.[1]
Windows 3.11
Microsoft also released an update for Windows 3.1 which (aside from installing new files) changes the Windows version displayed in "About" dialog boxes to 3.11. Thus, ''Windows 3.11'' isn't a standalone version of Windows, but rather a software update from Windows 3.1, much like modern Windows service packs. For those who did not own Windows 3.1, full disk sets of Windows 3.11 were available at the time.
Windows 3.2
Windows 3.2 was only released in Simplified Chinese
Microsoft released a Simplified Chinese version of Windows for the Chinese market. The updated system identified itself as ''Windows 3.2''. The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language. [1]
Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.
Modular Windows
''Modular Windows'' is a special version of ''Windows 3.1'', designed to run on the Tandy Video Information System.
Windows for Workgroups
Windows for Workgroups was an extension that allowed users to share their resources and to request those of others without a centralized authentication server. It used the SMB protocol over Netbios.
Windows for Workgroups 3.1
''Windows for Workgroups 3.1'' (originally codenamed ''Kato''), released in October 1992, features native networking support. Windows for Workgroups 3.1 is an extended version of Windows 3.1 which comes with SMB file sharing support via the NetBIOS based NBF and/or IPX network transport protocols, includes the Hearts card game, and introduced VSHARE.386, the Virtual Device Driver version of the SHARE.EXE Terminate and Stay Resident program.
Windows for Workgroups 3.11
Advanced network capabilities of Windows for Workgroups 3.11
Finally, ''Windows for Workgroups 3.11'' (originally codenamed ''Snowball'') was released in December 1993. It supported 32-bit file access, full 32-bit network redirectors, and the VCACHE.386 file cache, shared between them. The standard execution mode of the Windows kernel was discontinued in Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
A Winsock package was required to support TCP/IP networking in Windows 3.x. Usually third-party packages were used, but in August 1994 Microsoft released an add-on package (codenamed ''Wolverine'') which provided limited TCP/IP support in Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
Limited compatibility with the (then-new) 32-bit Windows API used by Windows NT was provided by another add-on package, Win32s. There was a rumor that Microsoft didn't want to increment any mainstream Windows 3.1x version to something like "Windows 3.2" because it could be scrambled with the Win32 API or otherwise distract consumers from upgrading to some 'real 32-bit OS' like the then-upcoming Windows 95 was. In fact, only for the limited Chinese market did Microsoft release a true Windows 3.2 version (see Windows 3.2 section).
Windows 3.x was eventually superseded by Windows 95, Windows 98, and later versions which integrated the MS-DOS and Windows components into a single product.
Full OS or MS-DOS shell?
Windows 3.x requires pre-installation of MS-DOS (or a compatible operating system), which must be booted on PC startup. Windows is started as an application program, and can be terminated at any time, returning the user to the MS-DOS prompt. MS-DOS also provides device drivers for certain tasks such as CD-ROM or network access, specifically remote disk drive or remote printer access; these drivers run in real mode. In 386 enhanced mode of Windows for Workgroups, the networking drivers are running in protected mode. Windows requires specifically written applications, and has a specific on-disk file format, which is much more complicated than the format of MS-DOS executables. It has many of its own device drivers and for the most part its own memory management system.
Other considerations include the fact that MS-DOS does not isolate applications from the hardware and does not protect itself from applications. The memory-resident part of MS-DOS is akin to a library of routines for dealing with disk-type peripherals and loading applications from them; an MS-DOS program is free to do whatever it desires, notably replacing or bypassing part or all of MS-DOS code, temporarily or permanently - Loadlin uses this very method to boot the Linux kernel from DOS. Windows took advantage of this, and the degree to which bypassing was performed increased with every new release. Windows 3.1 and its 32-bit Disk Access superseded the BIOS code for accessing disks, while 32-bit File Access of Windows for Workgroups 3.11 bypassed the native MS-DOS code for accessing files. This opened the way for Windows 95's support for Long File Names, which made DOS file code and related 8.3 filename utilities obsolete.
Furthermore, an MS-DOS program running in the Windows environment can take advantage of those features of Windows which are natively unsupported by DOS. An MS-DOS program running on Windows for Workgroups 3.11 automatically uses 32-bit File Access rather than the native MS-DOS file and disk access routines. Similarly, a specially written MS-DOS program running on Windows 95 can access long file names.
Windows NT and its successors represent operating systems completely separate from MS-DOS legacy and their kernel is entirely composed of 32-bit code. MS-DOS (and Windows 3.x) programs run inside virtual DOS machines, which are implemented ''over'' the normal system API rather than underlying the system.
Applications
Windows 3.1x introduced new possibilities for applications, especially multimedia applications. During this era, Microsoft developed a new range of software that was implemented on this operating system, called Microsoft Home.
References
1. DOS/V, Windows, Prices, and the Future
External links
★ Technical articles discussing the Windows 3.1 architecture
★ GUIdebook: Windows 3.1 Gallery - A website dedicated to preserving and showcasing Graphical User Interfaces
★ HPC:Factor Windows 3.1x Patches & Updates Guide
★ Win3x.Org - (en / fr) Resources, abandonware and support for windows 3x
★ Windows 3.1 Rocks Mailing List Support, links and freeware downloads for users of Windows 3x.
★ Lightspeed Reference Page Good place to find programs to run on Windows 3.1 and links to most important Windows 3.1 websites.
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