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The 'Winter Solstice', historically known as 'Midwinter', occurs around December 21 or 22 each year in the Northern hemisphere, and June 21 or 22 in the Southern Hemisphere. It is on the 'shortest day' or 'longest night' of the year, marking the astronomical beginning of winter. Worldwide, interpretation of the event varies from culture to culture, but most hold a recognition of rebirth, involving festivals, gatherings, rituals or other celebrations. Many cultures celebrate or celebrated a holiday near the winter solstice; examples of these include Hanukkah, Kwanzaa, New Years, Pongal and many other festivals of light.^[1]

Contents

Date

History

Explanations for Paralleled Traditions

Symbolic

Migration and Appropriation

Therapeutic

Observances

See also

Winter Observances

Related Articles

Sources

Date

The astronomical event of the Winter solstice, occurring sometime between December 20 and 23 each year in the northern hemisphere, and between June 20 and 23 in the Southern Hemisphere, is the shortest day and the longest night of the year, marking the beginning of winter when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equatorial plane. The name ''Winter Solstice'' means ''Sun set still in winter''. In Celtic countries such as Ireland the winter solstice is traditionally considered as midwinter, the winter season beginning November 1 on All Hallows or Samhain. Winter ends and spring begins on Imbolc or Candlemas, which is February 1 or 2. This system of seasons is based on the length of days exclusively. The three-month period of the shortest days and weakest solar radiation occurs during November, December and January in the Northern Hemisphere (May-July in the Southern). Many Midwinter festivals have occurred according to lunar calendars and so, often took place on ''Höku night'' (Hawaiian), the night of the full moon closest to the winter solstice. And many solar calendar Midwinter celebrations still centre upon December 25th in the north, which was the winter solstice upon the establishment of the Julian calendar. The difference between the Julian calendar year (365.2500 days) and the tropical year (365.2422 days) moved the day associated with the actual astronomical solstice forward approximately three days every four centuries until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII changed the calendar bringing the northern winter solstice to around December 21st. In the Gregorian calendar the solstice moves around a bit but in the long term it moves only about one day in 3000 years.



The figures above show the differences between the Gregorian calendar (Figure 1: using 1 leap year per 4 years) and Persian ''Jalāli'' calendar (Figure 2: using the 33-year arithmetic approximation) in reference to the actual yearly time of the winter solstice of the northern hemisphere, the ''December solstice''. The Y axis is "days error" and the X axis is Gregorian calendar years. Each point represents a single date on a given year. The error shifts by about 1/4 day per year, and is corrected by a leap year every 4th year regularly, and in the case of the Persian calendar also one 5 year leap period to complete a 33-year cycle, keeping the solstice almost always within the same day every year.

History

The solstice itself has remained a special moment of the annual cycle of the year since
neolithic times. The winter solstice was immensely important because communities were not assured to live through the winter, and had to be prepared during the previous nine months. Starvation was common in winter between January to April, also known as ''the famine months''. The midwinter festival was the last feast celebration, before deep winter began. Most cattle were slaughtered so they would not have to be fed during the winter, so it was nearly the only time of year when a supply of fresh meat was available. The majority of wine and beer made during the year was finally fermented and ready for drinking at this time. The concentration of the observances were not always on the day commencing at midnight or at dawn, but the beginning of the pre-Romanized day, which falls on the previous eve.^[2]

Explanations for Paralleled Traditions

Symbolic

Often since the event is observed as the reversal of the Sun's ebbing presence in the sky, concepts of the birth or rebirth of sun gods have been common and, in cultures using winter solstitially based cyclic calendars, the ''year as reborn'' has been celebrated with ''new beginnings'' such as Hogmanay's ''redding'', a New Years cleaning tradition. Also ''reversal'' is another usual theme as in Saturnalia's slave and master reversals.

Migration and Appropriation

Many outside traditions are often adopted by neighboring or invading cultures. Some historians will often assert that many traditions are directly derived from previous ones rooting all the way back to those begun in the cradle of civilization or beyond, much in a way that correlates to speculations on the origins of languages.

Therapeutic

Even in modern cultures these gatherings are still valued for emotional comfort, having something to look forward to at the darkest time of the year. This is especially the case for populations in the near polar regions of the hemisphere.
The depressive psychological effects of winter on individuals and societies for that matter, are for the most part tied to coldness, tiredness, malaise, and inactivity. Winter weather, plus being indoors causes negative ion deficiency which decreases serotonin levels resulting in depression and tiredness. Also, getting insufficient light in the short winter days increases the secretion of melatonin in the body, off balancing the circadian rhythm with longer sleep.
Studies have proven that exercise, light therapy, increased negative ion exposure (which can be attained from plants and well ventilated flames burning wood or beeswax) can reinvigorate the body from its seasonal lul and relieve ''winter blues'' by shortening the melatonin secretions, increasing serotonin and temporarily creating a more even sleeping pattern. Midwinter festivals and celebrations occurring on the longest night of the year, often calling for evergreens, bright illumination, large ongoing fires, feasting, communion with close ones, and evening physical exertion by dancing and singing are examples of cultural winter therapies that have evolved as traditions since the beginnings of civilization. Such traditions can stir the wit, stave off malaise, reset the internal clock and rekindle the human spirit.^[3][4]

Observances

===Alban Arthan (Neodruidic, Ancient Welsh)===
Main articles: Alban Arthan

'The point of roughness' is the term for the winter solstice in Wales which in ancient Welsh mythology, was when Rhiannon gave birth to the sacred son, Pryderi. In Neo-druidism, 'Alban Arthan' (tr. ''light of Arthor'') is celebrated with a festival, and gift giving to the needy. The name derives from the writings of Iolo Morganwg.

===Amaterasu celebration, Requiem of the Dead (7th century Japan)===
Main articles: Amaterasu

In late seventh century Japan, festivities were held to celebrate the reemergence of 'Amaterasu' or 'Amateras' (Hindu), the sun goddess of Japanese mythology, from her seclusion in a cave. Tricked by the other gods with a loud celebration, she peeks out to look and finds the image of herself in a mirror and is convinced by the other gods to return, bringing sunlight
back to the universe. Requiems for the dead were held and Manzai and Shishimai were performed throughout the night, awaiting the sunrise. Aspects of this tradition have continued to this day on New Years.^[5]
===Beiwe Festival (Sámi of Northern Fennoscandia)===
The Saami, indigenous people of Finland, Sweden and Norway, worship 'Beiwe', the sun-goddess of fertility and sanity. She travels through the sky in a structure made of reindeer bones with her daughter, Beiwe-Neia, to herald back the greenery on which the reindeer feed. On the winter solstice, her worshipers sacrifice white female animals, and with the meat, thread and sticks, bed into rings with ribbons. They also cover their doorposts with butter so Beiwe can eat it and begin her journey once again.^[6]
===Choimus, Chaomos (Kalash of Pakistan)===
In the ancient traditions of the Kalash people of Pakistan, during winter solstice, a demigod returns to collect prayers and deliver them to Dezao, the supreme being. "During this celebrations women and girls are purified by taking ritual baths. The men pour water over their heads while they hold up bread. Then the men and boys are purified with water and must not sit on chairs until evening when goat's blood is sprinkled on their faces. Following this purification, a great festival begins, with singing, dancing, bonfires, and feasting on goat tripe and other delicacies".^[7]
===Christmas, Natalis Domini (4th century Rome, 11th century England, Christian)===

Main articles: Christmas

'Christmas' or 'Christ's Mass' is one of most popular Christian celebrations as well as one of the most globally recognized midwinter celebrations. Christmas is the celebration of the birth of the ''God Incarnate'' or ''Messiah'', Yeshua of Nazareth, later known as Jesus Christ. The birth is observed on December 25th, what was the winter solstice upon establishment of the Julian Calendar in 45 BC. Banned by the Catholic Church in its infancy as a ''pagan'', or non-Christian, practice stemming out of the ''Sol Invictus'' celebrations, Christians revitalized its recognition as an authentic Christian festival in various cultures within the past several hundred years, appropriating much of the folklore and traditions of local ''pagan'' festivals. So today, the old festivals such as '''Jul''', '''Коледа''' and '''Karácsony''', are still celebrated in many parts of Europe, but the Christian Nativity is now usually representational of the meaning. This is why '''Yule''' and '''Christmas''' are considered interchangeable in Anglo-Christendom. Universal activities include feasting, midnight masses and singing Christmas carols about the ''Nativity''. Good deeds and gift giving in the tradition of St. Nicholas by not admitting to being the actual gift giver is also observed by some countries. Many observe the holiday for twelve days leading up to the ''Epiphany''.
===Deuorius Riuri (Gaul)===
'Deuorius Riuri' was the annual ''great divine winter feast'', observed by the Coligny Calendar. The lunisolar Coligney Midwinter returned to solar alignment every two and a half years.^[8]
===Deygān (Zorastrian)===
The last day of the Persian month Azar is the longest night of the year, when the forces of
Ahriman are assumed to be at the peak of their strength. While the next day, the first day of the month ''Dey'' known as ''khoram rooz'' or ''khore rooz'' (the day of sun) belongs to Ahura Mazda, the Lord of Wisdom. Since the days are getting longer and the nights shorter, this day marks the victory of Sun over the darkness. The occasion was celebrated in the ancient Persian 'Daygan Festival' dedicated to Ahura Mazda, and Mithra on the first day of the month Dey.^[9]
===DōngZhì Festival (East Asia, Vietnam, and Buddhist)===

Main articles: Dōngzhì Festival

'The Winter Solstice Festival' or 'The Extreme of Winter' () (Pinyin: 'Dōng zhì'), (Rōmaji:
'Tōji') is one of the most important festivals celebrated by the Chinese and other East Asians during the dongzhi solar term on or around December 21 when sunshine is weakest and daylight shortest; ''i.e.'', on the first day of the dongzhi solar term.
The origins of this festival can be traced back to the Yin and Yang philosophy of balance and
harmony in the cosmos. After this celebration, there will be days with longer daylight hours and therefore an increase in positive energy flowing in. The philosophical significance of this is
symbolized by the I Ching hexagram ''fù'' (復, "Returning"). Traditionally, the Dongzhi Festival is also a time for the family to get together. One activity that occurs during these get togethers (especially in the southern parts of China and in Chinese communities overseas) is the making and eating of ''Tangyuan'' (湯圓, as pronounced in Cantonese; Mandarin Pinyin: ''Tāng Yuán'') or balls of glutinous rice, which symbolize reunion.
===Goru (Dogon of Mali)===
'Goru' is the winter solstice ceremony of the Pays Dogon of Mali. It is the last harvest ritual and celebrates the arrival of humanity from the sky god, Amma, via Nommo inside the ''Aduno Koro'', or the "Ark of the World".^[10]
===Hogmanay (Scotland)===
Main articles: Hogmanay

The New Years Eve celebration of Scotland is called 'Hogmanay'. The early Hogmanay celebrations were originally brought to Scotland by the invading Vikings who celebrated the Winter Solstice. With the application of the Gregorian calendar, the new year holiday became December 31st. The most widespread national custom is the practice of ''first-footing'' which starts immediately after midnight. This involves being the first person (usually tall and dark haired) to cross the threshold of a friend or neighbor and often involves the giving of symbolic gifts such as salt (less common today), coal, shortbread, whisky, and black bun (a fruit pudding) intended to bring different kinds of luck to the householder. Food and drink (as the gifts, and often Flies cemetery) are then given to the guests.^[11]
===Hertha ritual (Germania)===
Early Germans considered the Norse goddess, Hertha or ''Bertha'', the goddess of Domesticity and the home. They baked yeast cakes shaped like shoes, which were called ''Hertha's slippers'', and filled with gifts.
"During the Winter Solstice houses were decked with fir and evergreens to welcome her coming. When the family and serfs were gathered to dine, a great altar of flat stones was erected and here a fire of fir boughs was laid. Hertha descended through the smoke, guiding those who were wise in saga lore to foretell the fortunes of those persons at the feast".Hottes, Alfred Carl, 1001 Christmas Facts and Fancies, NY: De La Mare, 1937.
===Inti Raymi (Inca, Peru)===

Main articles: Inti Raymi

The 'Inti Raymi' or 'Festival of the Sun' was a religious ceremony of the Inca Empire in honor of the sun god Inti. It also marked the winter solstice and a new year in the Andes of the Southern Hemisphere. One ceremony performed by the Inca priests was the ''tying of the sun''. In Machu Picchu there is still a large column of stone called an 'Intihuatana', meaning "hitching post of the sun" or literally ''for tying the sun''. The ceremony to tie the sun to the stone was to prevent the sun from escaping. The Spanish conquest, never finding Machu Picchu, destroyed all the other intihuatana, extinguishing the sun tying practice. The Catholic Church managed to suppress all Inti festivals and ceremonies by 1572. Since 1944, a theatrical representation of the Inti Raymi has been taking place at Sacsayhuamán (two km. from Cusco) on June 24 of each year, attracting thousands of local visitors and tourists. The Monte Alto culture may have also had a similar tradition.^[12][13]
===Junkanoo, Jonkonnu, John Canoe (West Africa, Bahamas, Jamaica, 19th-century North Carolina)===
Main articles: Junkanoo

'Junkanoo', in the Bahamas, 'Junkunno' or 'Jonkanoo', in Jamaica, is a fantastic masquerade, parade and street festival, believed to be of West African origin. It is traditionally performed through the streets towards the end of December, and involves participants dressed in a variety of fanciful costumes, such as the ''Cow Head'', the ''Hobby Horse'', the ''Wild Indian'', and the ''Devil''. The parades are accompanied by bands usually consisting of fifes, drums, and coconut graters used as scrapers, and Jonkanoo songs are also sung. A similar practice was once common in coastal North Carolina, where it was called 'John Canoe', 'John Koonah', or 'John Kooner'. John Canoe was likened to the wassailing tradition of medieval Britain, seeing in both a ritualized inversion of the established social hierarchy that provides, simultaneously, a temporary suspension and powerful reaffirmation of that hierarchy. Wassailing performed this inversion along the axis of social class, whereas the 19th-century American version of John Canoe performed it along the axis of race. Both John Canoe and wassailing bear strong resemblance to the social inversion rituals that marked the ancient Roman celebration of Saturnalia.
===Karachun (Ancient Western Slavic)===
Main articles: Karachun

'Karachun', 'Korochun' or 'Kračún' was a Slavic holiday similar to Halloween as a day when the Black God and other evil spirits are most potent. It was celebrated by Slavs on the longest night of the year. On this night, Hors, symbolising old sun, becomes smaller as the days become shorter in the Northern Hemisphere, and dies on December 22nd, the December solstice. It is said to be defeated by the dark and evil powers of the Black God. In honour of the god, Hors, Slavs danced a ritual chain-dance which was called the ''horo''. Traditional chain-dancing in Bulgaria is still called ''horo''. In Russia and Ukraine, it is known as ''khorovod''. On December 23rd Hors is resurrected and becomes the new sun, Koleda. Modern scholars tend to associate this holiday with the ancestor worship. On this day, Western Slavs burned fires at cemeteries to keep their loved ones warm, they organized dinings in the honor of the dead so as they would not suffer from hunger. They also lit wooden logs at local crossroads.
===Koleda, Коляда, Sviatki, Dazh Boh (Ancient Eastern Slavic and Sarmatian)===
In ancient Slavonic cultures, the festival of 'Kaleda' began at Winter Solstice and lasted for ten days. In Russia, this festival was later applied to Christmas Eve but most of the practices were lost after the Soviet Revolution. Each family made a fire in their hearth and invited their personal household Gods to join in the festivities. Children disguise themselves on evenings and nights and as ''Koledari'', visited houses and sang wishes of good luck, like ''Shchedryk'', to hosts. As a reward, they were given little gifts, a tradition called ''Kolyadovanie'', much like the old wassailing or mummers Tradition.''Winter solstice'' Adventure Calendar^[14]

===Lenæa, Brumalia (Ancient and Hellenistic Greece, Roman Kingdom)===
Main articles: Lenaia, Brumalia

In Mycenaean Greece, the exclusively female midwinter ritual, 'Lenaea' or 'Lenaia', was the 'Festival of the Wild Women'. In the forest, A man or bull representing the harvest god, Dionysus, was torn to pieces and eaten by Maenads. Later in the ritual, a baby, representing Dionysus reborn, was presented. By Classical Greece, the human sacrifice had been replaced by that of a goat and the women's role had changed to that of funeral mourners and observers of the birth. By the 5th century BCE the ritual had become a Gamelion festival for theatrical competitions, often held in Athens in the Lenaion theater.
The festival may have evolved into 'Brumalia' which was an ancient Roman solstice festival honoring Bacchus, generally held for a month and ending December 25. The festival included drinking and merriment. The name is derived from the Greek word ''bruma'', meaning "shortest day."
===Lucia, Feast of St. Lucy (Ancient Swedish, Scandinavian Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox)===
'Lucia' or 'Lussi Night' happened on December 13, what was supposed to be the longest night of the year. The feast was later appropriated by the Catholic Church in the 16th century as 'St. Lucy's Day'. It was believed in the folklore of Sweden that if people, particularly children, did not cary out their chores, the female demon, ''the Lussi'' or ''Lucia die dunkle'' would come to punish them.^[15]
===Makara Sankranti (India and Nepal, Hindu)===
Main articles: Makara Sankranti

'Makara Sankranti', celebrated at the beginning of Uttarayanais, is the only Hindu festival which is based on the Solar calendar rather than the Lunar calendar. In Assam it is called 'Magh Bihu' (the First day of Magh), in Punjab, 'Lohri' and in Maharshtra it is called 'Tilgul', but the place where it is celebrated with much pomp is Andhra Pradesh, where the festival is celebrated for 3 days and is more of a cultural festival unlike an auspicious day as in other parts of india. In some parts of India, the festival is celebrated by taking dips in the Ganga or any river and offering water to the Sun god. The dip is said to purify the self and bestow punya. In many countries, families fly kites from their roofs all day and into the night. In Assam on Bihu Eve or 'Uruka' families build bhelaghar, house like structures, and separate large bhelaghar are built by the community as a whole. Twine of sorts are tied around fruit trees. Out of tradition, fuel is stolen for the final ceremony, when all the bhelaghar are burned. Their remains are then placed at the fruit trees. Special puja is offered as a thanksgiving for good harvest. Since the festival is celebrated in the mid winter, the food prepared for this festival are such that they keep the body warm and give high energy. Laddu of ''til'' made with Jaggery (Gur)is specialty of the festival.^[16]
===Mean Geimrech, Wren day (Celtic)===
Main articles: Wren day

In Ireland's calendars, the solstices and equinoxes all occur at about midpoint in each season. While the Solstices were not as important to the ancient Irish as the major fire festivals; Lughnasadh (August 1); Beltane (May Day, May 1); Imbolc (February 1- Bridgit); and Samhain (November 1, Halloween), many believe there was celebration. Of the solstices and equinoxes, the Winter Solstice was the most important, since it marked the rebirth of the sun after the shortest day. The passage and chamber of Newgrange, a tomb in Ireland, are illuminated by the winter solstice sunrise. A shaft of sunlight shines through the roof box over the entrance and penetrates the passage to light up the chamber. The dramatic event lasts for 17 minutes at dawn from the 19th to the 23rd of December. Today, 'Lá an Dreoilín' or 'Wren day' is celebrated in Ireland on December 26. Crowds of people, called wrenboys, take to the roads in various parts of Ireland, dressed in motley clothing, wearing masks or straw suits and accompanied by musicians supposedly in remembrance of the festival that was celebrated by the Druids. Previously the practice involved the catching of a wren, and singing songs while carrying the bird from house to house, stopping in for food and merriment.

===Midvinterblót (Swedish folk religion)===
Main articles: Blót

In Sweden and many surrounding parts of Europe, polytheistic tribes celebrated a 'Midvinterblot' or 'mid-winter-sacrifice', featuring both animal and human sacrifice. The blot was performed by ''goði'', or priests, at certain cult sites, most of which have churches built upon them now. Midvinterblot paid tribute to the local gods, appealing to them to let go winter's grip. The folk tradition was finally abandoned by 1200 CE, due to missionary persistence.
===Modranicht, Modresnach (Anglo-Saxon, Germanic)===
'The Night of Mothers' or 'Mothers' Night' was an Anglo-Saxon and Germanic feast. It was believed that dreams on this night foretold events in the upcoming year. While it may originally have occurred the night before Samhain according to a lunar calender, it has moved around quite a bit in the year. By 730 CE, It was thought by Bebe to be observed by the Anglicans on the winter solstice. After the reemergence of Christmas in Britton it was recognized by many as one of the ''12 Days of Christmas''.^[17][18]
===Osiris Death / Horus Birth / Isis Festival (Ancient Egypt)===
Over four thousand years ago, Egyptians celebrated the rebirth of the sun at this time of the year. They set the length of the festival at 12 days, to reflect the 12 divisions in their sun calendar. They decorated with greenery, using palms with 12 shoots as a symbol of the completed year, since a palm was thought to put forth a shoot each month. In ancient Egyptian mythology, the deity of death Osiris was killed and was entombed but reborn as Horus, the sun god, to his wife Isis. In the annual winter solstice ceremony, this event was ritually reenacted by priests. At his moment of death, the priests brought out an image of an infant, indicating his immediate rebirth as Horus.
===Rozhanitsa Feast (12th century Eastern Slavic Russian)===
In twelfth century Russia, the eastern Slavs worshiped the winter mother goddess, Rozhnitsa, offering bloodless sacrifices like honey, bread and cheese. Bright colored winter embroideries depicting the antlered goddess were made to honor the 'Feast of Rozhanitsa' in late December. And white, deer shaped cookies were given as lucky gifts. Some Russian women continued the observation of these traditions into the 20th century.^[19]
=== Şabe Cele, یلدا , Yaldā (2nd millenium BCE Persian, Iranian)===
Main articles: Yalda

Derived from the Zorastrian ''Deygān'' festival, 'Shab-e Cheleh' is celebrated on the eve of the first day of winter in the Persian calendar, which is calibrated to always fall on the solstice. "Shab e Cheleh" is an important social occasion, when family and friends get together for fun and merriment. Usually families gather at their elders homes. Different kinds of dried fruits, nuts, seeds and fresh winter fruits are consumed. The presence of dried and fresh fruits is reminiscence of the ancient feasts to celebrate and pray to the deities to ensure the protection of the winter crops. During the early Roman empire many Syric Christians fled from persecution into the Sassanid Empire of Persia, introducing the term 'Yaldā', meaning ''birth'', causing 'Shab-e Yaldā' to became synonymous with 'Shab-e Cheleh'. ^[9]

===Sanghamitta Day (Buddhist)===
'Sanghamitta' is in honor of the Buddhist nun who brought a branch of the Bodhi tree to SriLanka where it has flourished for over 2,000 years.
===Saturnalia, Festival of Chronos (Ancient Greek, Roman Republic)===
Main articles: Saturnalia

Originally Celebrated by the Ancient Greeks as the 'Festival of Kronos',
'Saturnalia' was the feast at which the Romans commemorated the
dedication of the temple of Saturn, which originally took place on 17 December, but expanded to a whole week, up to 23 December. A large and important public festival in Rome, it involved the conventional sacrifices, a couch set in front of the temple of Saturn and the untying of the ropes that bound the statue of Saturn during the rest of the year. Besides the public rites there were a series of holidays and customs celebrated privately. The celebrations included a school holiday, the making and giving of small presents (''saturnalia et sigillaricia'') and a special market (''sigillaria''). Gambling was allowed for all, even slaves during this period. The toga was not worn, but rather the ''synthesis'', i.e. colorful, informal "dinner clothes"; and the ''pileus'' (freedman's hat) was worn by everyone. Slaves were exempt from punishment, and treated their masters with disrespect. The slaves celebrated a banquet: before, with, or served by the masters. Saturnalia became one of the most popular Roman festivals which led to more tomfoolery, marked chiefly by having masters and slaves ostensibly switch places, temporarily reversing the social order. In Greek and Cypriot folklore it was believed that children born during the festival were in danger of turning into Kallikantzaros which come out of the earth after the solstice to cause trouble for mortals. Some would leave colanders on their doorsteps to distract them until the sun returned.

===Sol Invictus Festival (3rd century Roman Empire)===
Main articles: Sol Invictus

'Sol Invictus' ("the undefeated Sun") or, more fully, ''Deus Sol Invictus'' ("the undefeated
sun god") was a religious title applied to at least three distinct divinities during the later
Roman Empire; El Gabal, Mithras, and Sol.
A 'festival of the birth of the Unconquered Sun' (or 'Dies Natalis Solis Invicti') was
celebrated when the duration of daylight first begins to increase after the winter solstice,
— the "rebirth" of the sun. The Sol Invictus festival ran from December 22 through December 25, which at that time was at the solstice. With the growing popularity of the Christian cults, Jesus of Nazareth came to adopt much of the recognition previously given to a sun god, there by, including Christ into the tradition. This was later condemned by the early Catholic Church for its ''pagan'' practices and for associating the Christ with the other sun gods.
===Soyal (Zuni and Hopi of North America)===
Main articles: Soyal

'Soyalangwul' is the winter solstice ceremony of the Zuni and the Hopitu Shinumu, "The Peaceful Ones", also known as the Hopi Indians. It is held on December 21st, the shortest day of the year. The main purpose of the ritual is to ceremonially bring the sun back from its long winter slumber. It also marks the beginning of another cycle of the Wheel of the Year, and is a time for purification. ''Pahos'' (prayer sticks) are made prior to the Soyal ceremony, to bless all the community, including their homes, animals, and plants. The ''kivas'' (sacred underground ritual chambers) are ritually opened to mark the beginning of the Kachina season.^[21][22]
===Wayeb (Maya)===
'Wayeb'' or 'Uayeb', referencing the unlucky ''god N'', were actually five nameless days leading up to the end of the Haab, the solar Mayan calendar. It was thought to be a dangerous time in which there were no divisions between the mortal and immortal worlds, and deitys were free to cause disaster if they willed it. To ward off the spirits, the Maya had a variety of customes they practiced during this period. For example, people avoided leaving their houses or grooming their hair. Calendar Round rituals would be held at the end of each 52 year round (coincidence of the three Mayan calendars), ''4 wayeb'' to ''1 Imix 0 Pop'', with all fires extinguished, old pots broken, and a new fire ceremony symbolizing a fresh start. The next Calendar Round will be on the winter solstice of 2012. Haab' observations are still held by Maya communities in the highlands of Guatemala.^[23]
===Yule, Yuletide, Jul, Juletid, Julfest, Jól, Joul, Joulu, Jõulud, Géol, Geul (Viking Age, Northern Europe)===

Main articles: Yule

Originally the name ''Giuli'' signified a 60 day tide beginning at the lunar midwinter of the late Scandinavian Norse and Germanic tribes. The arrival of 'Juletid' thus came to refer to the midwinter celebrations. By the late Viking Age, the 'Yule' celebrations came to specify a great solstitial Midwinter festival that amalgamated the traditions of various midwinter celebrations across Europe, like 'Mitwinternacht', 'Modrasnach', 'Midvinterblot', and the Teutonic solstice celebration, 'Feast of the Dead'. A documented example of this is in 960, when King Håkon of Norway signed into law that 'Jul' was to be celebrated December 25, to align it with the Christian celebrations. For some Norse sects, Yule logs were lit to honor Thor, the god of thunder. Feasting would continue until the log burned out, three or as many as twelve days. The indigenous lore of the Icelandic 'Jól' continued beyond the Middle Ages, but was condemned when the Reformation arrived. The celebration continues today throughout Northern Europe and elsewhere in name and traditions, for Christians as representative of the nativity of Jesus. Recently, Yule is largely reappropriated to various extents by other groups as non-commercial, humble, mirthful and reverent affairs.^[17]

Jól, Yule (Ásatrúan)

:The Icelandic Ásatrú and the Asatru Folk Assembly in the US recognize the celebration as lasting for 12 days, beginning on the date of the winter solstice.^[25]

Jul (Germanic Neopaganism)

:In Germanic Neopagan sects, Yule is celebrated with gatherings that often involve a meal and gift giving. Further attempts at reconstruction of surviving accounts of historical celebrations are often made, a hallmark being variations of the traditional. However it has been pointed out that this is not really reconstruction as these traditions never died out - they have merely removed the Christian elements from the celebration and replaced the event at the solstice.

Yule (Wiccan)

:In Wicca, a form of the holiday is observed as one of the eight solar holidays, or Sabbat. In most Wiccan sects, this holiday is celebrated as the rebirth of the Great God, who is viewed as the newborn solstice sun. In some other Wiccan sects the holiday is observed in a manner that commemorates the death of the Holly King identified with the wren bird (symbolizing the old year and the shortened sun) at the hands of his son and successor, the robin redbreast Oak King (the new year and the new sun that begins to grow)^[26] However, like other neo-pagan solstice holidays, it has gained criticism from scholars who find its origins in the modern Christian Christmas rather than in authentic pagan traditions.

Yule, Jul, Jól, Joulu (secular, Northern European and Germanic culture)

:'Yule' or 'Yuletide' is also currently a celebrated secular alternative to Christmas, commonly occurring on the winter solstice or December 24th and 25th, in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere it is often celebrated on the winter solstice or some time through early July. The earliest recorded Australian midwinter bonfire was lit in Moonta, the night leading into June 24, 1862, by Cornish immigrants carrying on the European Midsummer tradition. The midwinter bonfire holiday also began in Burra soon after. Currently, 'Yulefest' is observed by various Australians, often starting on a weekend in late June. The contemporary Scandinavian 'Jul', 'Julfest', 'Jól' or 'Joulu' is primarily a cultural observance and does not distinguish between the Germanic feast, the Christian Christmas, the secular Yule, the ''Neopagan'' Yule, or the pre-Indo-European winter solstice celebration and is also occasionally used to denote other holidays in December, e.g., "jødisk jul" or "judisk jul" (tr. "Jewish Yule") for Hanukkah.^[27]
===Zagmuk, Sacaea (Ancient Mesopotamia, Sumerian, Babylonian, Persian)===
Main articles: Zagmuk

Adapting the Egyptian Osiris Celebrations, the Babylonians held the annual renewal or new year celebration, the 'Zagmuk Festival'. It Lasted 12 days overlapping the winter solstice or vernal equinox in its center peak. It was a festival held in observation of the sun god, Marduk's battle over darkness. The Babylonians held both land and river parades. 'Sacaea', as Berossus referred to it, had festivals characterized with a subversion of order leading up to the new year. Masters and slaves interchanged, a mock king was crowned and masquerades clogged the streets. This has been a suggested precursor to the ''Festival of Kronos'', ''Saturnalia'' and possibly ''Purim''.^[28][29]
===Ziemassvētki (Latvian)===
Main articles: Ziemassvētki

In ancient Latvia, 'Ziemassvētki', meaning ''winter festival'', was celebrated on December 24 as one of the two most important holidays, the other being Jāņi. Ziemassvētki celebrated the birth of Dievs, the highest god of Latvian mythology.
The two weeks before Ziemassvetki are called Veļu laiks, the "season of ghosts."
During the festival, candles were lit for Dieviņš and a fire kept burning until the end, when its extinguishing signaled an end to the unhappiness of the previous year. During the ensuing feast, a space at the table was reserved for Ghousts, who was said to arrive on a sleigh. during the feast, certain foods were always eaten: bread, beans, peas, pork and pig snout and feet. Carolers (''Budeļi'') went door to door singing songs and eating from many different houses.
The holiday was later adapted by Christians in the middle ages. It is now celebrated on the 24th, 25th and 26th of December and largely recognized as both a Christian and secular cultural observance.

See also

Winter Observances

★ List of winter festivals

★ Hanukkah

★ Kwanzaa

★ New Years

★ Pongal

★ HumanLight

★ Burning of the Clocks

Related Articles

★ Winter solstice (disambiguation)

★ Solstice

★ Festive ecology

★ Festival of Lights

★ Midsummer

★ Christmas in July

★ Halcyon days

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