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''This is the article about the belief in Odin among West Germanic peoples, for other uses see Woden (disambiguation), Wotan (disambiguation). For a comparative discussion of North and West Germanic, see Wodanaz.''
'Wōden' was the name of Odin in Anglo-Saxon polytheism and he represents a later development of a Proto-Germanic deity,
★ '''Wōdanaz'''. Other West Germanic forms of the name include Dutch ''Wodan'', Alemannic ''Wuodan'', High German ''Wodan'', and Low German ''Wodan''.
Woden was worshiped during the Migration period, until the 7th or 8th century, when Germanic paganism was gradually replaced by Christianity. In Anglo-Saxon England, Woden was rationalized as a historical king, and remnants of worship were continued into modern times as folklore, Wodan featuring prominently in both English and Continental folklore as the leader of the Wild Hunt.
Wednesday, Wednesbury and Wednesfield are named after Woden.
Main articles: Wōdanaz
''
★ Wōđanaz'' or ''
★ Wōđinaz'' is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of a god of Germanic paganism. He is in all likelihood identical with the Germanic god identified as "Mercury" by Roman writers and possibly with Tacitus' ''regnator omnium deus''.
Odin probably rose to prominence during the Migration period, gradually displacing Tyr as the head of the pantheon in West and North Germanic cultures -- though such theories are only academic speculation based on trends of worship for other Indo-European cognate deity figures related to Tyr. Outside of the Germanic branch of Indo-European cultures, Odin/Wotan/Wodan has no cognate names or religious equivalents of attested certainty, and was always considered the Germanic supreme god from recorded sources.
Testimonies of the god are scattered over a wide range, both temporally and geographically. More than a millennium separates the earliest Roman accounts and archaeological evidence from the 1st century from the Odin of the Edda and later medieval folklore.
Details of Migration period Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artifacts, sparse contemporary sources, and the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to Jonas Bobiensis, the 6th century Irish missionary Saint Columbanus is reputed to have disrupted a Beer sacrifice to Wuodan (''Deo suo Vodano nomine'') in Bregenz, Alemannia. "Wuodan" was the chief god of the Alamanni, his name appears in the runic inscription on the Nordendorf fibula.
The Merseburg Incantations, apart from runic inscriptions the only surviving pagan texts in the Old High German language, were written around AD 800. One of them describes Wodan as a healer:
The Anglo-Saxon tribes brought their indigenous faith to England around the 5th and 6th centuries and continued in that form of worship until nearly all were converted to Christianity by the 9th century, at which point the old gods and any records of them were almost completely lost. This process of Christianization followed an established pattern that is attested in accounts of the same from continental Europe: leaders were baptised for varied reasons, and the conversion of their respective peoples almost always inevitably followed, sometimes in the space of a few years, but more often over the course of a few generations though numerous aspects of indigenous beliefs often remained.
For the Anglo-Saxons, Woden was the psychopomp or carrier-off of the dead, but not necessarily with the exact same attributes of the Norse Odin. There do not appear to have been the concepts of Valkyries and Valhalla in the Norse sense, although there is a word for the former, ''Waelcyrge''.
In addition to the roles named here, Woden was considered to be the leader of the Wild Hunt. The familial relationships are the same between Woden and the other Anglo-Saxon gods as they are for the Norse.
Wednesday (''
★ Wēdnes dæg'', "Woden's day", interestingly continuing the variant ''
★ Wōdinaz'' (with umlaut), unlike ''Wōden'', continuing ''
★ Wōdanaz'') is named after him, his link with the dead making him the appropriate match to the Roman Mercury.
The Anglo-Saxon kings claimed descent from Woden. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Historia Britonum, Woden had the sons Wecta, Baeldaeg, Casere and Wihtlaeg.
★ Wecta's line is continued by Witta, Wihtgils, Hengest and Horsa, and the Kings of Kent.
★ Baeldaeg's line is continued by Brona, Frithugar, Freawine, Wig, Gewis, Esla, Elesa, Cerdic and the Kings of Wessex.
★ Casere's line is continued by Tytmon, Trygils, Hrothmund, Hryp, Wilhelm, Wehha, Wuffa and the Kings of East Anglia.
★ Wihtlaeg's line is continued by Wermund king of Angel, Offa Wermundson, Angeltheow, Eomer, Icel and the Kings of Mercia.
Main articles: List of places named after Odin
Anglo-Saxon literature starts at about the time of the conversion from the old religion. Though whatever stories recording his part in the lives of men and the gods are lost, Woden's name survived in the names of many settlements and geographical features throughout Germanic Europe.
★ Brian Branston, ''The Lost Gods of England'', Thames and Hudson, 2nd ed. (1974), ISBN 0-500-11013-1
★ Kathleen Herbert, ''Looking for the Lost Gods of England'', Anglo-Saxon Books (1995), ISBN 1-898281-04-1
★ E.G. Stanley, ''Imagining the Anglo-Saxon Past : The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism and Anglo-Saxon Trial by Jury'', D.S.Brewer (2000), ISBN 0-85991-588-3
★ Michael Wood, ''In search of the Dark Ages'', Checkmark Books (2001), ISBN 0-8160-4702-2
★ Germanic polytheism
★ Germanic Christianity
★ Anglo-Saxon polytheism
★ South Germanic deities
★ Dutch mythology
★ List of places named after Woden
★ Migration Period art
'Wōden' was the name of Odin in Anglo-Saxon polytheism and he represents a later development of a Proto-Germanic deity,
★ '''Wōdanaz'''. Other West Germanic forms of the name include Dutch ''Wodan'', Alemannic ''Wuodan'', High German ''Wodan'', and Low German ''Wodan''.
Woden was worshiped during the Migration period, until the 7th or 8th century, when Germanic paganism was gradually replaced by Christianity. In Anglo-Saxon England, Woden was rationalized as a historical king, and remnants of worship were continued into modern times as folklore, Wodan featuring prominently in both English and Continental folklore as the leader of the Wild Hunt.
Wednesday, Wednesbury and Wednesfield are named after Woden.
| Contents |
| Origins |
| Migration period |
| Merseburg Incantations |
| Anglo-Saxon tribes |
| Toponyms |
| Further reading |
| See also |
Origins
Main articles: Wōdanaz
''
★ Wōđanaz'' or ''
★ Wōđinaz'' is the reconstructed Proto-Germanic name of a god of Germanic paganism. He is in all likelihood identical with the Germanic god identified as "Mercury" by Roman writers and possibly with Tacitus' ''regnator omnium deus''.
Odin probably rose to prominence during the Migration period, gradually displacing Tyr as the head of the pantheon in West and North Germanic cultures -- though such theories are only academic speculation based on trends of worship for other Indo-European cognate deity figures related to Tyr. Outside of the Germanic branch of Indo-European cultures, Odin/Wotan/Wodan has no cognate names or religious equivalents of attested certainty, and was always considered the Germanic supreme god from recorded sources.
Testimonies of the god are scattered over a wide range, both temporally and geographically. More than a millennium separates the earliest Roman accounts and archaeological evidence from the 1st century from the Odin of the Edda and later medieval folklore.
Migration period
Details of Migration period Germanic religion are sketchy, reconstructed from artifacts, sparse contemporary sources, and the later testimonies of medieval legends and placenames. According to Jonas Bobiensis, the 6th century Irish missionary Saint Columbanus is reputed to have disrupted a Beer sacrifice to Wuodan (''Deo suo Vodano nomine'') in Bregenz, Alemannia. "Wuodan" was the chief god of the Alamanni, his name appears in the runic inscription on the Nordendorf fibula.
Merseburg Incantations
The Merseburg Incantations, apart from runic inscriptions the only surviving pagan texts in the Old High German language, were written around AD 800. One of them describes Wodan as a healer:
| :Original::''Phol ende UUodan vuorun zi holza.'':''du uuart demo Balderes volon sin vuoz birenkit'':''thu biguel en Sinhtgunt (Sinthgunt), Sunna era suister;'':''thu biguol en Friia, Volla era suister'':''thu biguol en Uuodan, so he uuola conda'':''sose benrenki, sose bluotrenki'':''sose lidirenki: ben zi bena'':''bluot zi bluoda, lid zi geliden'':''sôse gelîmida sin!'' | :''English translation:'':Phol (Balder) and Wodan were riding in the forest:Balder's foal sprained its foot:Sinhtgunt, sister of Sunna (Sol), bespake it:Frige, sister of Fulla, bespake it:Wodan bespake it, as he was well able::be it bone-sprain, be it blood-sprain:be it limb-sprain, bone to bones:blood to blood, limb to limbs:as if they were glued! |
Anglo-Saxon tribes
7th and 8th Century Anglo-Saxon, Frisian and Jutlandic sceattas feature a depiction often identified as Woden by scholars.
The Anglo-Saxon tribes brought their indigenous faith to England around the 5th and 6th centuries and continued in that form of worship until nearly all were converted to Christianity by the 9th century, at which point the old gods and any records of them were almost completely lost. This process of Christianization followed an established pattern that is attested in accounts of the same from continental Europe: leaders were baptised for varied reasons, and the conversion of their respective peoples almost always inevitably followed, sometimes in the space of a few years, but more often over the course of a few generations though numerous aspects of indigenous beliefs often remained.
For the Anglo-Saxons, Woden was the psychopomp or carrier-off of the dead, but not necessarily with the exact same attributes of the Norse Odin. There do not appear to have been the concepts of Valkyries and Valhalla in the Norse sense, although there is a word for the former, ''Waelcyrge''.
In addition to the roles named here, Woden was considered to be the leader of the Wild Hunt. The familial relationships are the same between Woden and the other Anglo-Saxon gods as they are for the Norse.
Wednesday (''
★ Wēdnes dæg'', "Woden's day", interestingly continuing the variant ''
★ Wōdinaz'' (with umlaut), unlike ''Wōden'', continuing ''
★ Wōdanaz'') is named after him, his link with the dead making him the appropriate match to the Roman Mercury.
The Anglo-Saxon kings claimed descent from Woden. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and the Historia Britonum, Woden had the sons Wecta, Baeldaeg, Casere and Wihtlaeg.
★ Wecta's line is continued by Witta, Wihtgils, Hengest and Horsa, and the Kings of Kent.
★ Baeldaeg's line is continued by Brona, Frithugar, Freawine, Wig, Gewis, Esla, Elesa, Cerdic and the Kings of Wessex.
★ Casere's line is continued by Tytmon, Trygils, Hrothmund, Hryp, Wilhelm, Wehha, Wuffa and the Kings of East Anglia.
★ Wihtlaeg's line is continued by Wermund king of Angel, Offa Wermundson, Angeltheow, Eomer, Icel and the Kings of Mercia.
Toponyms
Main articles: List of places named after Odin
Anglo-Saxon literature starts at about the time of the conversion from the old religion. Though whatever stories recording his part in the lives of men and the gods are lost, Woden's name survived in the names of many settlements and geographical features throughout Germanic Europe.
Further reading
★ Brian Branston, ''The Lost Gods of England'', Thames and Hudson, 2nd ed. (1974), ISBN 0-500-11013-1
★ Kathleen Herbert, ''Looking for the Lost Gods of England'', Anglo-Saxon Books (1995), ISBN 1-898281-04-1
★ E.G. Stanley, ''Imagining the Anglo-Saxon Past : The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism and Anglo-Saxon Trial by Jury'', D.S.Brewer (2000), ISBN 0-85991-588-3
★ Michael Wood, ''In search of the Dark Ages'', Checkmark Books (2001), ISBN 0-8160-4702-2
See also
★ Germanic polytheism
★ Germanic Christianity
★ Anglo-Saxon polytheism
★ South Germanic deities
★ Dutch mythology
★ List of places named after Woden
★ Migration Period art
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