NEW WORLD WARBLER

(Redirected from Wood-warbler)
:''This article refers to the New World wood warbler family of birds, the Parulidae. For the Eurasian species ''Phylloscopus sibilatrix'', see Wood Warbler.''
The 'New World warblers' or 'wood-warblers' are a group of small often colourful passerine birds restricted to the New World. They are not related to the Old World warblers (Sylviidae) or the Australian warblers.
Most are arboreal, but some, like the Ovenbird and the two waterthrushes, are more terrestrial. Most members of this family are insectivores.
It is likely that this group originated in northern Central America, which remains with the greatest diversity and numbers of species. From thence they spread north during the interglacial periods, mainly as migrants, returning to the ancestral region in winter. Two genera, ''Myioborus'' and ''Basileuterus'' seem to have colonised South America early, perhaps before the two continents were linked, and provide most of the resident warbler species of that region.
Many migratory species, particularly those breeding further north, have distinctive male plumage at least in the breeding seaon, since males need to reclaim territory and advertise for mates each year. This tendency is particularly marked in the large genus ''Dendroica''. In contrast, resident tropical species, which pair for life, show little if any sexual dimorphism.
There are of course exceptions. The ''Seiurus'' waterthrushes and Ovenbird are strongly migratory, but have identical male and female plumage, whereas the mainly tropical and sedentary yellowthroats are dimorphic.
The ''Granatellus'' chats also show sexual dimorphism, but due to recent genetic work may soon be moved into the family Cardinalidae (New World buntings and cardinals).
All the warblers are fairly small. The smallest species is the Lucy's Warbler (''Vermivora luciae''), at about 6.5 grams and 10.6 cm (4.2 inches). By far the largest species is the Yellow-breasted Chat (''Icteria virens''), at 27 grams and 19 cm (7.5 inches).
The migratory species tend to lay larger clutches of eggs, typically up to six, since the hazards of their journeys mean that many individuals will have only one chance to breed. In contrast, two eggs is typical for many tropical species, since the chicks can be provided with better care, and the adults are likely to have further opportunities for reproduction.
The scientific name for the family, Parulidae, originates from the fact that Linnaeus in 1758 named the Northern Parula as a tit, ''Parus americanus'', and, as taxonomy developed, the genus name was modified first to ''Parulus'' and then the current ''Parula''. The family name, of course, derives from that genus.

Contents

Taxonomic issues

Species list in taxonomic order

Incertae sedis

References

External links

Bibliography

Taxonomic issues

There are a number of issues in the taxonomy of the Parulidae.

★ Sibley and Ahlquist have suggested that the family be merged with the Emberizidae as a subfamily Parulinae. The Olive Warbler, however would be removed from the group as the only member of the separate subfamily Peucedramimae.

★ The New World warblers are closely related to the tanagers, and some species like the conebills ''Conirostrum'' and the Bananaquit have been placed into either group by different authorities. Currently, the conebills are normally placed in Thraupidae and the Bananaquit in its own family.

★ Green-tailed Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, the ''Granatellus'' chats and White-winged Warbler, are other species where there have been questions as to whether they should be considered as warblers or tanagers.

★ The Pardusco, ''Nephelornis oneilli'' is also of uncertain affinities

Species list in taxonomic order

'Family: Parulidae'

★ Genus ''Vermivora''

★
★ Bachman's Warbler, ''Vermivora bachmanii''

★
★ Blue-winged Warbler, ''Vermivora pinus''

★
★ Golden-winged Warbler, ''Vermivora chrysoptera''

★
★ Tennessee Warbler, ''Vermivora peregrina''

★
★ Orange-crowned Warbler, ''Vermivora celata''

★
★ Nashville Warbler, ''Vermivora ruficapilla''

★
★ Virginia's Warbler, ''Vermivora virginiae''

★
★ Colima Warbler, ''Vermivora crissalis''

★
★ Lucy's Warbler, ''Vermivora luciae''

★ Genus ''Parula'' (''gutturalis'' and ''superciliosa'' paraphyletic with ''Vermivora'')

★
★ Flame-throated Warbler, ''Parula gutturalis''

★
★ Crescent-chested Warbler, ''Parula superciliosa''

★
★ Northern Parula, ''Parula americana''

★
★ Tropical Parula, ''Parula pitiayumi''

★ Genus ''Dendroica''

★
★ Yellow Warbler, ''Dendroica petechia''

★
★ Chestnut-sided Warbler, ''Dendroica pensylvanica''

★
★ Magnolia Warbler, ''Dendroica magnolia''

★
★ Cape May Warbler, ''Dendroica tigrina''

★
★ Black-throated Blue Warbler, ''Dendroica caerulescens''

★
★ Yellow-rumped Warbler, ''Dendroica coronata''

★
★ Black-throated Gray Warbler, ''Dendroica nigrescens''

★
★ Golden-cheeked Warbler, ''Dendroica chrysoparia''

★
★ Black-throated Green Warbler, ''Dendroica virens''

★
★ Townsend's Warbler, ''Dendroica townsendi''

★
★ Hermit Warbler, ''Dendroica occidentalis''

★
★ Blackburnian Warbler, ''Dendroica fusca''

★
★ Yellow-throated Warbler, ''Dendroica dominica''

★
★ Olive-capped Warbler, ''Dendroica pityophila''

★
★ Grace's Warbler, ''Dendroica graciae''

★
★ Adelaide's Warbler, ''Dendroica adelaidae''

★
★ Barbuda Warbler, ''Dendroica subita''

★
★ St. Lucia Warbler, ''Dendroica delicata''

★
★ Pine Warbler, ''Dendroica pinus''

★
★ Kirtland's Warbler, ''Dendroica kirtlandii''

★
★ Prairie Warbler, ''Dendroica discolor''

★
★ Vitelline Warbler, ''Dendroica vitellina''

★
★ Palm Warbler, ''Dendroica palmarum''

★
★ Bay-breasted Warbler, ''Dendroica castanea''

★
★ Blackpoll Warbler, ''Dendroica striata''

★
★ Cerulean Warbler, ''Dendroica cerulea''

★
★ Plumbeous Warbler, ''Dendroica plumbea''

★
★ Arrow-headed Warbler, ''Dendroica pharetra''

★
★ Elfin-woods Warbler, ''Dendroica angelae''
★

★ Genus ''Catharopeza''

★
★ Whistling Warbler, ''Catharopeza bishopi''

★ Genus ''Mniotilta''

★
★ Black-and-white Warbler, ''Mniotilta varia''

★ Genus ''Setophaga''

★
★ American Redstart, ''Setophaga ruticilla''

★ Genus ''Protonotaria''

★
★ Prothonotary Warbler, ''Protonotaria citrea''

★ Genus ''Helmitheros''

★
★ Worm-eating Warbler, ''Helmitheros vermivorus''

★ Genus ''Limnothlypis''

★
★ Swainson's Warbler, ''Limnothlypis swainsonii''

★ Genus ''Seiurus'' (genus polyphyletic)

★
★ Ovenbird, ''Seiurus aurocapillus''

★
★ Northern Waterthrush, ''Seiurus noveboracensis''

★
★ Louisiana Waterthrush, ''Seiurus motacilla''

★ Genus ''Oporornis''

★
★ Kentucky Warbler, ''Oporornis formosus''

★
★ Connecticut Warbler, ''Oporornis agilis''

★
★ Mourning Warbler, ''Oporornis philadelphia''

★
★ MacGillivray's Warbler, ''Oporornis tolmiei''

★ Genus ''Geothlypis''

★
★ Common Yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis trichas''

★
★ Belding's Yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis beldingi''

★
★ Altamira Yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis flavovelata''

★
★ Bahama Yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis rostrata''

★
★ Olive-crowned Yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis semiflava''

★
★ Black-polled Yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis speciosa''

★
★ Masked Yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis aequinoctialis''

★
★ Gray-crowned Yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis poliocephala''

★
★ Hooded Yellowthroat, ''Geothlypis nelsoni''

★ Genus ''Wilsonia''

★
★ Hooded Warbler, ''Wilsonia citrina''

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★ Wilson's Warbler, ''Wilsonia pusilla''

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★ Canada Warbler, ''Wilsonia canadensis''

★ Genus ''Cardellina''

★
★ Red-faced Warbler, ''Cardellina rubrifrons''

★ Genus ''Ergaticus''

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★ Red Warbler, ''Ergaticus ruber''

★
★ Pink-headed Warbler, ''Ergaticus versicolor''

★ Genus ''Myioborus'' (often, more accurately, named as 'whitestarts', as they have conspicuous white, not red, feathers on the tail sides)

★
★ Painted Redstart, ''Myioborus pictus''

★
★ Slate-throated Redstart, ''Myioborus miniatus''

★
★ Tepui Redstart, ''Myioborus castaneocapillus''

★
★ Brown-capped Redstart, ''Myioborus brunniceps''

★
★ Yellow-faced Redstart, ''Myioborus pariae''

★
★ White-faced Redstart, ''Myioborus albifacies''

★
★ Saffron-breasted Redstart, ''Myioborus cardonai''

★
★ Collared Redstart, ''Myioborus torquatus''

★
★ Spectacled Redstart, ''Myioborus melanocephalus''

★
★ Golden-fronted Redstart, ''Myioborus ornatus''

★
★ White-fronted Redstart, ''Myioborus albifrons''

★
★ Yellow-crowned Redstart, ''Myioborus flavivertex''

★ Genus ''Euthlypis''

★
★ Fan-tailed Warbler, ''Euthlypis lachrymosa''

★ Genus ''Basileuterus''

★
★ Gray-and-gold Warbler, ''Basileuterus fraseri''

★
★ Two-banded Warbler, ''Basileuterus bivittatus''

★
★ Golden-bellied Warbler, ''Basileuterus chrysogaster''

★
★ Choco Warbler, ''Basileuterus chlorophrys''

★
★ Pale-legged Warbler, ''Basileuterus signatus''

★
★ Citrine Warbler, ''Basileuterus luteoviridis''

★
★ Black-crested Warbler, ''Basileuterus nigrocristatus''

★
★ Gray-headed Warbler, ''Basileuterus griseiceps''

★
★ Santa Marta Warbler, ''Basileuterus basilicus''

★
★ Gray-throated Warbler, ''Basileuterus cinereicollis''

★
★ White-lored Warbler, ''Basileuterus conspicillatus''

★
★ Russet-crowned Warbler, ''Basileuterus coronatus''

★
★ Golden-crowned Warbler, ''Basileuterus culicivorus''

★
★ Three-banded Warbler, ''Basileuterus trifasciatus''

★
★ White-bellied Warbler, ''Basileuterus hypoleucus''

★
★ Rufous-capped Warbler, ''Basileuterus rufifrons''

★
★ Golden-browed Warbler, ''Basileuterus belli''

★
★ Black-cheeked Warbler, ''Basileuterus melanogenys''

★
★ Pirre Warbler, ''Basileuterus ignotus''

★
★ Three-striped Warbler, ''Basileuterus tristriatus''

★
★ White-rimmed Warbler, ''Basileuterus leucoblepharus''

★
★ White-striped Warbler, ''Basileuterus leucophrys''

★
★ Flavescent Warbler, ''Basileuterus flaveolus''

★
★ Buff-rumped Warbler, ''Basileuterus(Phaeothlypis) fulvicauda''

★
★ Neotropical River Warbler, ''Basileuterus(Phaeothlypis) rivularis''

Incertae sedis

★ Green-tailed Warbler, ''Microligea palustris'' (Not a parulid)

★ Yellow-headed Warbler, ''Teretistris fernandinae'' (Not a parulid)

★ Oriente Warbler, ''Teretistris fornsi''

★ Semper's Warbler, ''Leucopeza semperi'' (possibly related to ''Teretistris'' and if so not a parulid)

★ Wrenthrush, ''Zeledonia coronata'' (Not a parulid)

★ Yellow-breasted Chat, ''Icteria virens'' (Not a parulid)

★ Red-breasted Chat, ''Granatellus venustus'' (''Granatellus'' not parulid but probably in Cardinalidae)

★ Gray-throated Chat, ''Granatellus sallaei''

★ Rose-breasted Chat, ''Granatellus pelzelni''

★ White-winged Warbler, ''Xenoligea montana'' (Not a parulid)

References

★ Curson, Quinn and Beadle, 1994. ''New World Warblers''. 252 p. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6

★ Lovette, I. J. and E. Bermingham. 2002. What is a wood-warbler? Molecular characterization of a monophyletic Parulidae. The Auk. 119(3): 695-714. PDF fulltext

External links

★ Crane Creek Warblers

★ New World warbler videos on the Internet Bird Collection

★ Chasing Down Warblers National Geographic News story on seeing 30 warbler species in May

Bibliography

★ Dunn, Jon. 1997. ''A field guide to warblers of North America''. Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co., x, 656 p. : ill. (some col.), col. maps ; 19 cm.

★ Morse, Douglass H. 1989. ''American warblers : an ecological and behavioral perspective''. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, xii, 406 p. : ill., maps.

★ Harrison, Hal H. 1984. ''Wood warblers’ world''. New York : Simon and Schuster, 335 p., 24 p. of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 25 cm.