WOODCOCK

The 'woodcocks' are a group of seven extant very similar wading bird species in the genus ''Scolopax'', characterised by a long slender bill and cryptic brown and blackish plumage. Only two woodcocks are widespread, the others being localised island species. Their closest relatives are the typical snipes of the genus ''Gallinago'' (Thomas ''et al.'', 2004).
These are woodland birds which feed at night or in the evenings, searching for invertebrates in soft ground with their long bills. Unlike in most birds the tip of the upper mandible is flexible.^[1] This habit and their unobtrusive plumage makes it difficult to see them when they are resting in the day.
Most have distinctive displays, usually given at dawn or dusk. These are birds with stocky bodies and long bills. They have eyes set on the sides of their heads, which gives them almost 360° vision.
A number of woodcocks have become extinct long ago and are known only from fossil or subfossil bones. Due to their close relationship to the ''Gallinago'' snipes, the woodcocks are a fairly young group of birds, even considering that the Charadriiformes themselves are an ancient lineage. ''Gallinago'' and ''Scolopax'' diverged probably around the Late Miocene, some 10-5 mya.

★ "Scolopax baranensis" (fossil, Early Pliocene of Hungary) - a ''nomen nudum''

★ ''Scolopax carmesinae'' (fossil, Early/Middle Pliocene? of Menorca, Mediterranean)

★ ''Scolopax hutchensi'' (fossil, Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Florida, USA)

★ Puerto Rican Woodcock, ''Scolopax anthonyi'' (prehistoric)

Contents

References

References

★ Hayman, Marchant and Prater, ''Shorebirds'' ISBN 0-873403-19-4

★ 'McKelvie', Colin Laurie : ''Woodcock and Snipe: Conservation and Sport'' (Swan Hill, 1993)

★ 'Thomas', Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004): A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny. ''BMC Evol. Biol.'' '4': 28. PDF fulltext Supplementary Material