WOODPECKER

'Woodpeckers' are near passerine birds of the order Piciformes. They are found worldwide and include about 180 species (including the famous ivory-billed).
Woodpeckers gained their English name because of the habit of some species of tapping and pecking noisily on tree trunks with their beaks. This is both a means of communication to signal possession of territory to their rivals, and a method of locating and accessing insect larvae found under the bark or in long winding tunnels in the tree.

Contents

Physiology and behavior

Systematics

Unassigned fossil forms

Species in taxonomic order

External links

Physiology and behavior

Some woodpeckers and wrynecks in the order Piciformes have zygodactyl feet, with two toes pointing forward, and two backward. These feet, though adapted for clinging to a vertical surface, can be used for grasping or perching. Several species have only three toes. The woodpecker's long tongue, in many cases as long as the woodpecker itself, can be darted forward to capture insects. The tongue is not attached to the woodpecker's head in the same way as it is in most birds, but instead it curls back up around its skull, which allows it to be so long.
The woodpecker first locates a by tapping on the trunk. Once a tunnel is found, the woodpecker chisels out wood until it makes an opening into the tunnel. Then it worms its tongue into the tunnel to try to locate the grub. The tongue of the woodpecker is long and ends in a barb. With its tongue the woodpecker skewers the grub and draws it out of the trunk.
Woodpeckers also use their beaks to create larger holes for their nests which are 15–45 cm (6–18 inches) below the opening. These nests are lined only with wood chips and hold 2–8 white eggs laid by the females. Because the nests are out of sight, they are not visible to predators and eggs do not need to be camouflaged. Cavities created by woodpeckers are also reused as nests by other birds, such as grackles, starlings, some ducks and owls, and mammals, such as tree squirrels.
Several adaptations combine to protect the woodpecker's brain from the substantial pounding that the pecking behavior causes: it has a relatively thick skull with relatively spongy bone to cushion the brain; there is very little cerebrospinal fluid in its small subarachnoid space; the bird contracts mandibular muscles just before impact, thus transmitting the impact past the brain and allowing its whole body to help absorb the shock; and its relatively small brain is less prone to concussion than other animals'. (Schwab, 2002)

Systematics

The systematics of woodpeckers is quite convoluted. Based on an assumption of unrealistically low convergence in details of plumage and behavior, 5 subfamilies were distinguished. However, it has turned out that similar plumage patterns and modes of life are not reliable to determine higher phylogenetic relationships in woodpeckers, and thus only 3 subfamilies should be accepted.
For example, the genera ''Dryocopus'' (Eurasia and Americas) and ''Campephilus'' (Americas) of large woodpeckers were believed to form a distinct group. However, they are quite unrelated and instead close to a Southeast Asian genus, ''Mulleripicus'' and ''Chrysocolaptes'', respectively. In addition, the genus allocation of many species, e.g. the Rufous Woodpecker, has turned out to be in error, and some taxa with unclear relationships could be placed into the phylogeny (Benz ''et al''., 2006; Moore ''et al.'', 2006).

Unassigned fossil forms

★ Genus ''Palaeonerpes'' (Ogalalla Early Pliocene of Hitchcock County, USA) - possibly dendropicine

★ Genus ''Pliopicus'' (Early Pliocene of Kansas, USA) - possibly dendropicine

★ cf. ''Colaptes'' DMNH 1262 (Early Pliocene of Ainsworth, USA) - malarpicine?

Species in taxonomic order

'Tribe Dendropicini'



★ Genus ''Melanerpes''

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★ White Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes candidus''

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★ Lewis' Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes lewis''

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★ Guadeloupe Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes herminieri''

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★ Puerto Rican Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes portoricensis''

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★ Red-headed Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes erythrocephalus''

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★ Acorn Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes formicivorus''

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★ Golden-naped Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes chrysauchen''

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★ Black-cheeked Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes pucherani''

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★ Yellow-tufted Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes cruentatus''

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★ Yellow-fronted Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes flavifrons''

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★ White-fronted Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes cactorum''

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★ Hispaniolan Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes striatus''

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★ Jamaican Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes radiolatus''

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★ Golden-cheeked Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes chrysogenys''

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★ Gray-breasted Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes hypopolius''

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★ Yucatan Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes pygmaeus''

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★ Red-crowned Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes rubricapillus''

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★ Hoffmann's Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes hoffmannii''

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★ Gila Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes uropygialis''

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★ Golden-fronted Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes aurifrons''

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★ Red-bellied Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes carolinus''

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★ West Indian Woodpecker, ''Melanerpes superciliaris''

★ Genus ''Sphyrapicus''

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★ Williamson's Sapsucker, ''Sphyrapicus thyroideus''

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★ Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, ''Sphyrapicus varius''

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★ Red-naped Sapsucker, ''Sphyrapicus nuchalis''

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★ Red-breasted Sapsucker, ''Sphyrapicus ruber''

★ Genus ''Xiphidiopicus''

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★ Cuban Woodpecker, ''Xiphidiopicus percussus'' (Placement in Dendropicini tentative)

★ Genus ''Dendropicos''

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★ Little Grey Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos elachus''

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★ Speckle-breasted Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos poecilolaemus''

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★ Abyssinian Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos abyssinicus''

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★ Cardinal Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos fuscescens''

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★ Gabon Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos gabonensis''

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★ Melancholy Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos lugubris''

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★ Stierling's Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos stierlingi''

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★ Bearded Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos namaquus''

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★ Fire-bellied Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos pyrrhogaster''

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★ Golden-crowned Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos xantholophus''

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★ Elliot's Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos elliotii''

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★ Grey Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos goertae''

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★ African Grey-headed Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos spodocephalus''

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★ Olive Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos griseocephalus''

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★ Brown-backed Woodpecker, ''Dendropicos obsoletus''

★ Genus ''Dendrocopos''

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★ Sulawesi Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos temminckii''

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★ Philippine Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos maculatus''

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★ Brown-capped Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos nanus''

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★ Sunda Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos moluccensis''

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★ Grey-capped Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos canicapillus''

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★ Pygmy Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos kizuki''

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★ Brown-fronted Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos auriceps''

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★ Fulvous-breasted Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos macei''

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★ Stripe-breasted Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos atratus''

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★ Yellow-crowned Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos mahrattensis''

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★ Arabian Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos dorae''

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★ Rufous-bellied Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos hyperythrus''

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★ Darjeeling Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos darjellensis''

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★ Crimson-breasted Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos cathpharius''

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★ Middle Spotted Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos medius''

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★ White-backed Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos leucotos''

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★ Great Spotted Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos major''

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★ Syrian Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos syriacus''

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★ White-winged Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos leucopterus''

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★ Sind Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos assimilis''

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★ Himalayan Woodpecker, ''Dendrocopos himalayensis''


★ Genus ''Picoides'' - this genus is in need of revision (Moore ''et al.'', 2006). See the genus article for more.

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★ Small group

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★ Lesser Spotted Woodpecker, ''Picoides minor'' - previously ''Dendrocopos''

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★ Downy Woodpecker, ''Picoides pubescens''

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★ Nuttall's Woodpecker, ''Picoides nuttallii''

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★ Ladder-backed Woodpecker, ''Picoides scalaris''

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★ Large group

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★ Red-cockaded Woodpecker, ''Picoides borealis''

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★ Smoky-brown Woodpecker, ''Picoides fumigatus''

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★ Hairy Woodpecker, ''Picoides villosus''

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★ White-headed Woodpecker, ''Picoides albolarvatus''

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★ Strickland's Woodpecker, ''Picoides stricklandi''

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★ Arizona Woodpecker, ''Picoides arizonae''

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★ Three-toed group (''Picoides sensu stricto'')

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★ Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker, ''Picoides tridactylus''

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★ American Three-toed Woodpecker, ''Picoides dorsalis''

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★ Black-backed Woodpecker, ''Picoides arcticus''

★ Genus ''Veniliornis''

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★ Red-rumped Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis kirkii''

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★ Golden-collared Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis cassini''

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★ Choco Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis chocoensis''

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★ Yellow-eared Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis maculifrons''

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★ Red-stained Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis affinis''

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★ Bar-bellied Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis nigriceps''

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★ Scarlet-backed Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis callonotus''

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★ Yellow-vented Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis dignus''

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★ Little Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis passerinus''

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★ Dot-fronted Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis frontalis''

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★ Blood-colored Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis sanguineus''

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★ White-spotted Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis spilogaster''

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★ Striped Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis lignarius''

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★ Checkered Woodpecker, ''Veniliornis mixtus''
'Tribe Malarpicini'

★ Genus ''Campethera''

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★ Fine-spotted Woodpecker, ''Campethera punctuligera''

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★ Nubian Woodpecker, ''Campethera nubica''

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★ Bennett's Woodpecker, ''Campethera bennettii''

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★ Reichenow's Woodpecker, ''Campethera scriptoricauda''

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★ Golden-tailed Woodpecker, ''Campethera abingoni''

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★ Mombasa Woodpecker, ''Campethera mombassica''

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★ Knysna Woodpecker, ''Campethera notata''

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★ Little Green Woodpecker, ''Campethera maculosa''

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★ Green-backed Woodpecker, ''Campethera cailliautii''

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★ Tullberg's Woodpecker, ''Campethera tullbergi''

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★ Buff-spotted Woodpecker, ''Campethera nivosa''

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★ Brown-eared Woodpecker, ''Campethera caroli''


★ Genus ''Geocolaptes''

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★ Ground Woodpecker, ''Geocolaptes olivaceus''

★ Genus ''Dinopium''

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★ Olive-backed Woodpecker, ''Dinopium rafflesii''

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★ Himalayan Flameback, ''Dinopium shorii''

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★ Common Flameback, ''Dinopium javanense''

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★ Black-rumped Flameback, ''Dinopium benghalense''

★ Genus ''Meiglyptes''

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★ Buff-rumped Woodpecker, ''Meiglyptes tristis''

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★ Javan Buff-rumped Woodpecker, ''Meiglyptes tristis tristis'' - extinct (c.1920)

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★ Black-and-buff Woodpecker, ''Meiglyptes jugularis''

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★ Buff-necked Woodpecker, ''Meiglyptes tukki''

★ Genus ''Hemicircus'' (Placement in Malarpicini tentative)

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★ Grey-and-buff Woodpecker, ''Hemicircus concretus''

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★ Heart-spotted Woodpecker, ''Hemicircus canente''

★ Genus ''Micropternus'' (formerly in ''Celeus'')

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★ Rufous Woodpecker, ''Micropternus brachyurus''
'Tribe Picini'

★ Genus ''Picus''

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★ Banded Woodpecker, ''Picus mineaceus''

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★ Lesser Yellownape, ''Picus chlorolophus''

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★ Crimson-winged Woodpecker, ''Picus puniceus''

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★ Greater Yellownape, ''Picus flavinucha''

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★ Checker-throated Woodpecker, ''Picus mentalis''

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★ Streak-breasted Woodpecker, ''Picus viridanus''

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★ Laced Woodpecker, ''Picus vittatus''

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★ Streak-throated Woodpecker, ''Picus xanthopygaeus''

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★ Scaly-bellied Woodpecker, ''Picus squamatus''

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★ Japanese Woodpecker, ''Picus awokera''

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★ Green Woodpecker, ''Picus viridis''

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★ Levaillant's Woodpecker, ''Picus vaillantii''

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★ Red-collared Woodpecker, ''Picus rabieri''

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★ Black-headed Woodpecker, ''Picus erythropygius''

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★ Grey-headed Woodpecker, ''Picus canus''

★ Genus ''Mulleripicus''

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★ Ashy Woodpecker, ''Mulleripicus fulvus''

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★ Sooty Woodpecker, ''Mulleripicus funebris''

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★ Great Slaty Woodpecker, '' Mulleripicus pulverulentus''

★ Genus ''Dryocopus''

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★ Helmeted Woodpecker, ''Dryocopus galeatus''

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★ Lineated Woodpecker, ''Dryocopus lineatus''

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★ Pileated Woodpecker, ''Dryocopus pileatus''

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★ Black-bodied Woodpecker, ''Dryocopus schulzi''

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★ White-bellied Woodpecker, ''Dryocopus javensis''

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★ Andaman Woodpecker, ''Dryocopus hodgei''

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★ Black Woodpecker, ''Dryocopus martius''

★ Genus ''Celeus''

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★ Cinnamon Woodpecker, ''Celeus loricatus''

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★ Scaly-breasted Woodpecker, ''Celeus grammicus''

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★ Waved Woodpecker, ''Celeus undatus''

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★ Chestnut-colored Woodpecker, ''Celeus castaneus''

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★ Chestnut Woodpecker, ''Celeus elegans''

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★ Pale-crested Woodpecker, ''Celeus lugubris''

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★ Blond-crested Woodpecker, ''Celeus flavescens''

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★ Cream-colored Woodpecker, ''Celeus flavus''

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★ Rufous-headed Woodpecker, ''Celeus spectabilis''

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★ Caatinga Woodpecker, ''Celeus obrieni''

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★ Ringed Woodpecker, ''Celeus torquatus''

★ Genus ''Piculus''

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★ Rufous-winged Woodpecker, ''Piculus simplex''

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★ Stripe-cheeked Woodpecker, ''Piculus callopterus''

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★ Lita Woodpecker, ''Piculus litae''

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★ White-throated Woodpecker, ''Piculus leucolaemus''

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★ Yellow-throated Woodpecker, ''Piculus flavigula''

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★ Golden-green Woodpecker, ''Piculus chrysochloros''

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★ Yellow-browed Woodpecker, ''Piculus aurulentus''

★ Genus ''Colaptes''

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★ Golden-olive Woodpecker, ''Colaptes rubiginosus''

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★ Gray-crowned Woodpecker, ''Colaptes auricularis''

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★ Crimson-mantled Woodpecker, ''Colaptes rivolii''

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★ Black-necked Woodpecker, ''Colaptes atricollis''

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★ Spot-breasted Woodpecker, ''Colaptes punctigula''

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★ Green-barred Woodpecker, ''Colaptes melanochloros''

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★ Golden-breasted Woodpecker, ''Colaptes (melanochloros) melanolaimus''

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★ Northern Flicker, ''Colaptes auratus''

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★ Yellow-shafted Flicker, ''Colaptes (auratus) auratus''

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★ Red-shafted Flicker, ''Colaptes (auratus) cafer''

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★ Guadalupe Flicker, ''Colaptes auratus/cafer rufipileus'' - extinct (c.1910)

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★ Gilded Flicker, ''Colaptes chrysoides''

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★ Fernandina's Flicker, ''Colaptes fernandinae''

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★ Chilean Flicker, ''Colaptes pitius''

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★ Andean Flicker, ''Colaptes rupicola''

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★ Campo Flicker, ''Colaptes campestris''
'Tribe Megapicini'

★ Genus ''Campephilus''

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★ Powerful Woodpecker, ''Campephilus pollens''

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★ Crimson-bellied Woodpecker, ''Campephilus haematogaster''

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★ Red-necked Woodpecker, ''Campephilus rubricollis''

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★ Robust Woodpecker, ''Campephilus robustus''

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★ Crimson-crested Woodpecker, ''Campephilus melanoleucos''

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★ Guayaquil Woodpecker, ''Campephilus gayaquilensis''

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★ Pale-billed Woodpecker, ''Campephilus guatemalensis''

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★ Cream-backed Woodpecker, ''Campephilus leucopogon''

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★ Magellanic Woodpecker, ''Campephilus magellanicus''

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★ Ivory-billed Woodpecker, ''Campephilus principalis'' (possibly extinct)

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★ Imperial Woodpecker, ''Campephilus imperialis'' (possibly extinct)


★ Genus ''Chrysocolaptes''

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★ White-naped Woodpecker, ''Chrysocolaptes festivus''

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★ Greater Flameback, ''Chrysocolaptes lucidus''

★ Genus ''Reinwardtipicus''

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★ Orange-backed Woodpecker, ''Reinwardtipicus validus''

★ Genus ''Blythipicus''

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★ Maroon Woodpecker, ''Blythipicus rubiginosus''

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★ Bay Woodpecker, ''Blythipicus pyrrhotis''

★ Genus ''Gecinulus'' (Placement in Megapicini tentative)

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★ Pale-headed Woodpecker, ''Gecinulus grantia''

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★ Bamboo Woodpecker, ''Gecinulus viridis''

★ Genus ''Sapheopipo'' (Placement in Megapicini tentative)

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★ Okinawa Woodpecker, ''Sapheopipo noguchii''

External links

★ Woodpecker videos on the Internet Bird Collection