WORMS, GERMANY

'Worms' (pronounced ) is a city in the southwest of Germany. Its name is of Celtic origin: ''Borbetomagus'' meant "settlement in a watery area". This was eventually transformed into the Latin name ''Vormatia'' that had been in use since the 6th century.
Established by the Celts who called it Borbetomagus, Worms today remains embattled with the cities Trier and Cologne over title of "Oldest City in Germany". Worms in the meantime remains the only German member in the organization (German: ''Arbeitskreis der ältesten Städte Europas'').
Today the city, in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (German: ''Rheinland-Pfalz'') and lying on the Rhine, is an industrial centre and is famed for its local ''Liebfraumilch'' wine. Other industries include chemicals and metal goods. At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.
Worms is one of the major sites where the events of the ancient German ''Nibelungenlied'' took place. A multimedia ''Nibelungenmuseum'' was opened in 2001, and a yearly festival right in front of the ''Dom'', the Cathedral of Worms, attempts to recapture the atmosphere of the time period.

Contents

Geography

Geographic location

Boroughs of Worms

Climate

History

Celts and Romans

The Middle Ages

''Golden age''

Judaism in Worms

Destruction and rebuilding

Town twinning

Notable citizens

References

External links

Geography

Geographic location

Worms is located on the west bank of the Rhine River in between the cities of Ludwigshafen and Mainz. On the northern edge of town is where the tributary empties into the river Rhine and on the southern edge of the city the tributary known as or "Ice Stream" in English, flows into the Rhine river.

Boroughs of Worms

Worms has 13 boroughs (or "Quarters") that surround the city center. They are as follows:

Name	Population	Distance from Worms city center
Abenheim	2.744	Northwest of City Center (10 km)
Heppenheim	2.073	Southwest of City Center (9 km)
Herrnsheim	6.368	North of City Center (5 km)
Hochheim	3.823	Northwest of City Center
Horchheim	4.770	Southwest of City Center (4.5 km)
Ibersheim	692	North of City Center (13 km)
Leiselheim	1.983	West of City Center (4 km)
Neuhausen	10.633	North of City Center
Pfeddersheim	7.414	West of City Center (7 km)
Pfiffligheim	3.668	West of City Center
Rheindürkheim	3.021	North of City Center (8 km)
Weinsheim	2.800	Southwest of City Center (4 km)
Wiesoppenheim	1.796	South West of City Center (5.5 km)

Climate

The climate in the Rhein River Valley is very temperate in the winter time and quite enjoyable in the summertime. Rainfall is below average for the surrounding areas. Snow accumulation in the winter is very low and often melts within a short period of time.

History

Celts and Romans

The city has existed since before Roman times, when it was captured and fortified by the Romans under Drusus in 14 BC. From that time, a small troop of infantry and cavalry were garrisoned in ''Augusta Vangionum'' this gave the settlement its Romanized but originally Celtic name ''Borbetomagus''. (Many fanciful variant names for Worms exist only upon the title pages of books printed when Worms was an early centre of printing: for instance William Tyndale's English translation of the New Testament was printed at Worms in 1526.) The garrison developed into a small town with the regularized Roman street plan, a forum, and temples for the main gods Jupiter, Juno, Minerva (upon whose temple, as is usual, was built the cathedral) and Mars.
Roman inscriptions and altars and votive offerings can be seen in the archaeological museum, along with one of Europe's largest collections of Roman glass. Local potters worked in the south quarter of the town. Fragments of amphoras show that the olive oil they contained had come from Hispania Baetica, doubtless by sea and then up the Rhine. At Borbetomagus, Gunther king of the Burgundians, set himself up as puppet-emperor, the unfortunate Jovinus, during the disorders of 411–413. The city became the chief city of the first kingdom of the Burgundians, who left few remains; however, a belt clasp from Worms-Abenheim is a museum treasure. They were overwhelmed in 437 by Hun mercenaries called in by the Roman general Aëtius to put an end to Burgundian raids, in an epic disaster that provided the source for the ''Nibelungenlied''.

The Middle Ages

Nibelungen Museum

St Martin's Church

Jewish Cemetery "Heiliger Sand"

City Twinning as you enter Worms on B47

Heylshof Garden

Vineyards

Map of Worms in 1630. The Jewish Ghetto is marked in yellow.

Worms was a Christian bishopric since at least 614 with an earlier mention in 346, (but was secularized in 1801 and passed to Hesse-Darmstadt). In the Frankish Empire, the city was the location of an important palatinate of Charlemagne ''(Karl der Grosse)'', who built one of his many administrative palaces here. The bishops administered the city and its territory. The most famous of the early medieval bishops was Burchard of Worms.
Worms Cathedral (''Wormser Dom''), dedicated to St Peter, is one of the finest examples of Romanesque architecture in Germany. Alongside the nearby Romanesque cathedrals of Speyer and Mainz, it is one of the so-called ''Kaiserdome'' (Imperial cathedrals). Some parts in early Romanesque style from the 10th century still exist, while most parts are from the 11th and 12th century, with some later additions in gothic style (see the external links below for pictures).
Four other Romanesque churches as well as the Romanesque old city fortification still exist, making the city Germany's second in Romanesque architecture only to Cologne.

''Golden age''

Worms prospered especially in the High Middle Ages. Having received far-reaching privileges from King Henry IV (later Emperor Henry III) as early as 1074, the city later became a ''Reichsstadt'', being independent of a local territory and responsible only to the Emperor himself. As a result, Worms was the site of several important events in the history of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1122 the Concordat of Worms was signed; in 1495, a ''Reichstag'' concluded here made an attempt at reforming the disintegrating Imperial Circle Estates of the ''Reichsreform'' (Imperial Reform). Most importantly, among more than a hundred Imperial Diets held at Worms, the ''Reichstag'' of 1521 (commonly known as ''the'' Diet of Worms) ended with the Edict of Worms at which Martin Luther was declared an outlaw after refusing to recant his religious beliefs.

Judaism in Worms

The city is known as a former center for Judaism. The cemetery (''illustration, right'') dating from the 11th century is believed to be the oldest in Europe; an ancient synagogue was built around 1034. Prominent rabbis of Worms include Elazar Rokeach and Yair Bacharach. At the Rabbinical Synod held at Worms in the eleventh century, rabbis for the first time explicitly prohibited polygamy.
Much of the Jewish Quarter was destroyed in the events known as ''Kristallnacht'' in 1938, and a recognizable Jewish community in Worms no longer exists. However, after renovations in the 1970s and 1980s, many of the buildings of the Quarter can be seen in a close to original state, preserved as an outdoor museum.

Destruction and rebuilding

The city was nearly destroyed twice in its history. In 1689, French troops invaded, almost eradicating the city during the Palatine war of succession; it came under French rule again from 1789 until 1816. Worms was heavily bombed on the night of February 21-22, 1945 by the Royal Air Force during the last few months of World War II. A post-war survey estimated that 39 percent of the town's developed area was destroyed. ^[1]

Town twinning

Worms is twinned with:

★ Auxerre, France

★ Bautzen, Germany

★ Mobile, United States

★ Parma, Italy

★ St Albans, United Kingdom

★ Tiberias, Israel

Notable citizens

★ Samuel Adler, a noted Reform rabbi, was born in Worms^[2]

★ Timo Hildebrand, German national footballer, was born in Worms

References

1. http://www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/feb45.html
2. Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896, , , , Marquis Who's Who, ,

External links

★ The Official website of the city of Worms

★ ''Nibelungenmuseum'' website {{en icon}

★ wormser-dom.de, website of the Worms Cathedral with pictures (click on the "Bilder" link in the left panel)

★ City guide

★ Wormatia, the famous football club of Worms

★ Worms Tramway, a historic page with old pictures

★ wormser-region.de, another website about Worms