YANGQIN

The trapezoidal 'yangqin' () is a Chinese hammered dulcimer originally from the Middle East (Persia (modern-day Iran)). It used to be written with the characters (lit. "foreign zither"), but over time the first character changed to (also pronounced "yáng"), which means "acclaimed". It is also spelled 'yang quin' or 'yang ch'in'. Hammered dulcimers of various types are now very popular not only in China, but also Eastern Europe, the Middle East, India and Pakistan. The instruments are also sometimes known by the names "santur" and "cymbalom".
The ''yangqin'' was traditionally fitted with bronze strings, which gave the instrument a soft timbre. This form of instrument is still occasionally heard today in the ''hudie qin'' (蝴蝶琴, lit. "butterfly zither") played in the traditional silk and bamboo genre from the Shanghai region known as ''Jiangnan sizhu'' (江南絲竹), as well as in some Cantonese music groups. The Thai and Cambodian ''khim'' are nearly identical in their construction, having been introduced to those nations by southern Chinese musicians. Since the 1950s, however, steel alloy strings (in conjunction with copper-wound steel strings for the bass notes) have been used, in order to give the instrument a brighter, and louder tone. The modern ''yangqin'' can have as many as five courses of bridges and may be arranged chromatically. Traditional instruments, with three or more courses of bridges, are also still widely in use. The instrument's strings are struck with two lightweight bamboo beaters (also known as hammers) with rubber tips. A professional musician often carries several sets of beaters, each of which draws a slightly different tone from the instrument, much like the drum sticks of Western percussionists.
The ''yangqin'' is used both as a solo instrument and in ensembles. Composer/vocalist Lisa Gerrard has used this instrument in some of her performances.

Contents

Origins

Theory of introduction by land

Theory of introduction by sea

Possible relationship to clavichord

Theory of invention within China

Relationship to the ''zhu''

The Yangzhou theory

Construction

Strings

Bridges

Hammers

Cylindrical nuts

Manner of Performance

Arrangement of Pitches

Electric ''yangqin''

Standard Repertory

See also

Origins

Historians offer several theories to explain how the instrument was introduced to China: 1) that the instrument may have been introduced by land, through the Silk Road; 2) that it was introduced by sea, through the port of Guangzhou (Canton); or 3) that it was invented without foreign influence by the Chinese themselves.
The word "yangqin" has historically been written in two different ways, using different Chinese characters for "yang". The "yang" in the earlier version was written with the character , meaning "foreign." It was later changed, in 1910, to the character "yang" (), meaning "acclaimed" and is also the first character of the name of Yangzhou (揚州 or 扬州) which some Chinese linguistic scholars have stated was done because the latter term was more politically correct during a period when China was resisting foreign cultural influences.

Theory of introduction by land

The by land theory of yangqin being bought into contact with the Chinese is through Silk Road. At the glance of the trading route of China, the Silk Route stretches almost 5,000 miles reaching to the Middle East, including Iran (Persia). The Iranian santur, a dulcimer, has existed since ancient times. If any dulcimer was to influence China by land, it is likely to be of this instrument.
The santur seems to be a likely predecessor of the yangqin. The instrument is somewhat smaller in size, is same in shape and is also played using two wooden mallets.
The technical structure of the santur is different in the way the tuning pegs are place, the bridges and the mallets. The yangqin's tuning pins are set in parallel instead of an angle 90 degree down at the side. The mallets of the santur also differ from those of the yangquin: they are made of wood with finger grip, designed to let the players perform by gripping the two mallets between their fore and middle fingers. The both modern and the earliest yangqin mallets did not include finger grips.
The bridge of the yangqin consist of long, single piece of wood with many stubs supporting the strings unlike the Santur which uses a number of small individual chesspiece-like bridges. The yangqin uses an individual bridge like the dulcimer instead of the santur.

Theory of introduction by sea

The seaport at Canton, Guangzhou attracts traders from all over Asia: from Japan, India, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. The ships from this region bought back precious stones, slaves, exotic wares, fruits and spices etc. Along with commercial goods, thriving businesses, ideas, philosophies and scientific knowledge were exchanged including religion (principally Buddhism).
During the 16th century, the Age of Exploration in Europe reached it climax and soon trade was established between China and Europe. Historians state that Portuguese, and later, English and Dutch ships, had brisk trade with China. Portuguese trading in Chinese waters began in the 1500s according to historians. Music historians report that the salterio, a hammered dulcimer, was played in Portugal, Spain, and Italy during this period. Historians say it is possible that the yangqin originated when the Portuguese, the English or the Dutch brought a dulcimer player to China who performed for locals.

Possible relationship to clavichord

Some historians have stated that European clavichord is another possible precursor to the yangqin. These historians state that Italian missionary Matteo Ricci had brought a clavichord from Europe to China and that the Chinese court had many clavichords and harpsichords in the palace, which were given as gifts by various European nations. However, as Chinese cannot duplicate the complex mechanisms, they instead uses hammers to hit the strings.

Theory of invention within China

Some music scholars support the theory that the Chinese dulcimer, ''yangqin'' was developed within China itself, devoid of all foreign influence. These historians state two possible explanations for the instruments native origins, which are: the ''yangqin'' is a development from an ancient string instrument called ''zhu'' （筑）. Or that the ''yangqin'' originated from Yangzhou （扬州 or 揚州）, China itself.

Relationship to the ''zhu''

Some music scholars state that the yangqin developed from the ancient music instrument ''zhu'' (). The zhu is shaped like the guqin, rectangular with one side wider than the other. It had 12 to 13 strings (earliest variant only had 5 strings), assumed to have been made of silk or gut with resemblance to the ''guqin''. It was performed using techniques quite similar to the ''guqin'', one hand pressing the strings while the other pluck. However in the case of the ''zhu'', instead of plucking the strings, it was struck by using a slender bamboo hammer. Like many string instruments, zhu is made of silk or gut.

The Yangzhou theory

Another theory supported by some music scholars is that the yangqin was developed in Yangzhou, a city in Jiangsu Province. According to one yangqin thesis written by Mr Chew in 1921, "Yangqin was named Yangqin because it was invented in Yangzhou, different variants came about after it was introduced into Guangzhou."

Construction

As the ''yangqin'' is a type of hammered dulcimer, it shares many elements of construction with other instruments in the hammered dulcimer family:

Strings

Modern ''yangqin'' usually have about 200 strings in total, with each pitch running in courses, with up to 5 strings per course, in order to boost the volume. The strings come in various thicknesses, and are tied at both ends by screws instead of tuning pegs, and are covered during playing.

Bridges

There are usually four to five bridges on a ''yangqin''. From right to left, they are: bass bridge, "left bridge", tenor bridge, "right bridge", and the chromatic bridge. During playing, one is supposed to strike the strings on the left side of the bridges. However, the "left bridge" can be struck on both sides of the bridge.

Hammers

The hammers are made of flexible bamboo, and one end is half covered by rubber. Due to their unique construction, there are two ways to play: with the rubber side for a softer sound, and with the bamboo side for a more percussive sound.

Cylindrical nuts

On both sides of the yangqin, aside from the tuning screws, are numerous cylindrical metal Nuts that can be moved for fine tuning the strings or to raise the strings slightly to eliminate unwanted vibrations that may occur. More modern designs also have moveable ball-shaped nuts that can be adjusted on the fly with the fingers; this provides some microtuning and additional dynamics during performances.

Manner of Performance

The sticks are held, one in each hand, and hit the strings alternately. In the orchestra, the yangqin often adds to the harmony by playing chords or arpeggios. The ends of the sticks can be used to pluck the strings, producing a crisp and clear tone quality. Plucking is achieved by bringing the end of the stick towards the body while in contact with the strings. As the yangqin is softer than other Chinese instruments, it is usually positioned at the front of the orchestra, in the row just in front of the conductor. However, this is not a rule: the Singapore Chinese Orchestra positions the yangqin close to the percussion section. As the yangqin's tones sustain long after they have been played, such an arrangement minimizies the dissonance that results. If the hands are free (e.g. in periods of rest), covering the strings with the hands quickly dampens the vibrations. The yangqin has been called the "Chinese piano" as it has an indispensible role in the accompaniment of Chinese string and wind instruments.

Arrangement of Pitches

The ''yangqin'' is a chromatic instrument with a range of slightly over four octaves. The middle C is located at the tenor bridge, third section from the bottom.
The pitches are arranged so that in general, moving one section away from the body corresponds to a transposition of a whole tone upwards. Similarly, moving one section towards the left of the performer generally corresponds to a transposition of a perfect pitch upwards. These are only rules of thumb since the arrangement has to be modified towards the extremes of the pitch range to fill out notes in the chromatic scale. Such an arrangement facilitates transposition.
In the playing of traditional Chinese music, most Chinese ''yangqin'' players use a numerical notation system called ''jianpu'', rather than Western staff notation.

Electric ''yangqin''

The ''yangqin'' has also been modified, much like an electric guitar, to be an amplified electronic instrument.

Standard Repertory

; Solo pieces

★ Joyous News (喜讯)

★ San Liu (弹词三六)

★ Song of the Border Region (边寨之歌)

★ Opening the Well of Happiness with Our Hands (双手开出幸福泉)

★ Spring Arrives to the Qing River (春到清江)

★ Thunder During a Drought (旱天雷)

★ Dragon Boat (龙船)

★ A Festive at Tian Mountain (节日的天山)

★ The General's Command (将军令)

★ The Red Flower (映山红)

★ The Dance of the Tu Tribe (土家族摆手舞曲)

★ Lin Chong Flees in the Night (林冲夜奔)
; Concertos

★ Ya Lu Zang Bu Riverside (雅鲁藏布江边)

★ Huang Tu Qing (黄土情)

★ Memory (忆事曲)

★ Sound Poem of the Ocean Mounts (海峡音诗)

★ (金翎思-满乡随想)

★ Yellow River(黄河)

See also

★ Hammered dulcimer

★ Traditional Chinese musical instruments