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:''This article is about yarn fiber. A 'yarn' is also a type of long and involved story, such as a shaggy dog story or a campfire yarn.
'Yarn' is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery and ropemaking. 'Thread' is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand or machine. Modern manufactured sewing threads may be finished with wax or other lubricants to withstand the stresses involved in sewing.[1] Embroidery threads are yarns specifically designed for hand or machine embroidery.
Yarn can be made from any number of natural or synthetic fibers.
The most common plant fiber is cotton, which is typically [2]spun into fine yarn for mechanical weaving or knitting into cloth.
The most commonly used animal fiber is wool harvested from sheep. For hand knitting and hobby knitting, thick wool yarns are frequently used.
Other animal fibers used include alpaca, angora, mohair, llama, cashmere, and silk. More rarely, yarn may be spun from camel, yak, possum, qiviut, cat, dog, wolf, rabbit, or buffalo hair, and even turkey or ostrich feathers.
Natural fibers such as these have the advantage of being slightly elastic and very breathable, while trapping a great deal of air, making for a fairly warm fabric.
Other natural fibers that can be used for yarn include linen and cotton. These tend to be much less elastic, and retain less warmth than the animal-hair yarns, though they can be stronger in some cases. The finished product will also look rather different from the woollen yarns. Other plant fibers which can be spun include bamboo, hemp, corn, and soy fiber.
A number of synthetic materials are also commonly made into yarn, chiefly acrylic. All-acrylic yarns are available, as are wool-acrylic blends in various proportions. Some other synthetics are available as well; yarn designed for use in socks frequently contains a small percentage of nylon, and numerous specialty yarns exist.
In general, natural fibers tend to require more careful handling than synthetics because they can shrink, felt, stain, shed, fade, stretch, wrinkle, or be eaten by moths more readily, unless special treatments such as mercerization or superwashing are performed to strengthen, fix color, or otherwise enhance the fiber's own properties.
Protein yarns (hair, silk, feathers) may also be irritating to some people, causing contact dermatitis, hives, wheezing or other reactions. Plant fibers tend to be better tolerated by people with sensitivities to the protein yarns, and allergists may suggest using them or synthetics instead to prevent symptoms. Some people find that they can tolerate organically grown and processed versions of protein fibers, possibly because organic processing standards preclude the use of chemicals that may irritate the skin.
When natural fibers are burned, they tend to singe and have a smell of burnt hair; synthetic yarns tend to melt. Noting how an unidentified fiber strand burns and smells can assist in determining if it is natural or synthetic.
Synthetic yarns, because of their construction as long, extruded strands, do not pill the way natural yarns can.
Yarns combining synthetic and natural materials inherit the properties of each parent, according to the proportional composition. Synthetics are added to lower cost, increase durability, add unusual color or visual effects, provide machine washability and stain resistance, reduce heat retention or lighten garment weight.
:''See main article'' Spinning (textiles)
'Spun yarn' is made by twisting or otherwise bonding staple fibers together to make a cohesive thread.[3] Twisting fibers into yarn in the process called spinning can be dated back to the Upper Paleolithic[4], and yarn spinning was one of the very first processes to be industrialized. Spun yarns may contain a single fiber, or synthetic fibers which have high strength, artificial lustre, and fire retardant qualities may be blended with natural fibers which have good water absorbance and skin comforting qualities, in different proportions, to manufacture yarn for fabric. The most widely used blends are cotton-polyester and wool-acrylic fiber blends.
Yarns are made up of any number of plies, each ply being a single spun yarn. These single plys of yarn are twisted in the opposite direction (plied) together to make a thicker yarn. Depending on the direction of this final twist, the yarn will be known as ''s-twist'' or ''z-twist''.
'Filament yarn' consists of filament fibers twisted together. Thicker (monofilaments are typically used for industrial purposes rather than fabric production or decoration. Silk is a natural filament, and synthetic filament yarns are used to produce silk-like effects.
'Texturized yarns' are made by a process of air texturizing (sometimes referred to as ''taslanizing''), which combines mutliple filament yarns into a yarn with some of the characteristics of spun yarns.
Yarn quantities are usually measured by weight in ounces or grams. In the United States, balls of yarn for handcrafts are usually sold in three-ounce, four-ounce, six-ounce, and eight-ounce skeins. In Europe, yarn is often sold in increments of 25 grams, with 25 g, 50 g, and 100 g being common quantities. These measurements are taken at a standard temperature and humidity, because yarn can absorb moisture from the air. The actual length of the yarn contained in a ball or skein can vary due to the inherent heaviness of the fiber and the thickness of the strand; for instance, a 50 g skein of lace weight mohair may contain several hundred meters, while a 50 g skein of bulky wool may contain only 60 meters.
There are several thicknesses of yarn, also referred to as weight. An effort by the Craft Yarn Council of America is being made to promote a standardized industry system for measuring this, numbering the weights from 1 (finest) to 6 (heaviest)[5]. Some of the names for the various weights of yarn from finest to thickest are called lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, aran, bulky, and super-bulky. This naming convention is more descriptive than precise; fiber artists disagree about where on the continuum each lies, and the precise relationships between the sizes.
A more precise measurement of yarn weight, often used by weavers, is wraps per inch (wpi). The yarn is wrapped snugly around a ruler and the number of wraps that fit in an inch are counted.
Labels on yarn for handcrafts often include information on gauge, known in the UK as tension, which is a measurement of how many stitches and rows are produced per inch or per centimeter on a specified size of knitting needle or crochet hook. The proposed standardization uses a four-by-four inch/ten-by-ten centimeter knitted or crocheted square, with the resultant number of stitches across and rows high made by the suggested tools on the label to determine the gauge.
In Europe textile engineers often use the unit tex, which is the weight in grams of a kilometer of yarn, or decitex, which is a finer measurement corresponding to the weight in grams of 10 kilometers of yarn. Many other units have been used over time by different industries.
Most types of embroidery thread come in a single size or weight; an exception is pearl or perle cotton, which comes in three weights, No. 3 (heaviest), No. 5, and No. 8 (finest).[6]
Yarn may be used undyed, or may be colored with natural or artificial dyes. Most yarns have a single uniform hue, but there is also a wide selection of variegated yarns:
★ heathered or tweed: yarn with flecks of different colored fiber
★ ombre: variegated yarn with light and dark shades of a single hue
★ colorway: variegated yarn with two or more distinct hues (a "parrot colorway" might have green, yellow and red)
★ self-striping: yarn dyed with lengths of color that will automatically create stripes in a knitted or crocheted object
★ marled: yarn made from strands of different-colored yarn twisted together, sometimes in closely-related hues
★ Embroidery thread
★ List of novelty yarns
★ Textile manufacturing
1. Kadolph, Sara J., ed.: ''Textiles'', 10th edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2007, ISBN 0-13-118769-4, p. 203
2. "How yarn is made"
3. Kadolph, ''Textiles'', p. 197
4. Barber, Elizabeth Wayland: ''Women's Work:The First 20,000 Years'', W. W. Norton, 1994, p. 44
5. http://www.yarnstandards.com/weight.html
6. Reader's Digest ''Complete Guide to Needlework''. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. (March 1992). ISBN 0-89577-059-8, p. 8
★ Craft Yarn Council of America
★ How to buy enough yarn: Wraps per inch method
★ Manufacturing COMPACT YARN
Yarn
Spools of thread
'Yarn' is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery and ropemaking. 'Thread' is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand or machine. Modern manufactured sewing threads may be finished with wax or other lubricants to withstand the stresses involved in sewing.[1] Embroidery threads are yarns specifically designed for hand or machine embroidery.
| Contents |
| Materials |
| Natural fibers |
| Synthetic fibers |
| Comparison of material properties |
| Structure |
| Measurement |
| Craft yarns |
| Thread |
| Color |
| See also |
| Notes |
| External links |
Materials
Yarn can be made from any number of natural or synthetic fibers.
Natural fibers
Cotton being spun
The most common plant fiber is cotton, which is typically [2]spun into fine yarn for mechanical weaving or knitting into cloth.
The most commonly used animal fiber is wool harvested from sheep. For hand knitting and hobby knitting, thick wool yarns are frequently used.
Other animal fibers used include alpaca, angora, mohair, llama, cashmere, and silk. More rarely, yarn may be spun from camel, yak, possum, qiviut, cat, dog, wolf, rabbit, or buffalo hair, and even turkey or ostrich feathers.
Natural fibers such as these have the advantage of being slightly elastic and very breathable, while trapping a great deal of air, making for a fairly warm fabric.
Other natural fibers that can be used for yarn include linen and cotton. These tend to be much less elastic, and retain less warmth than the animal-hair yarns, though they can be stronger in some cases. The finished product will also look rather different from the woollen yarns. Other plant fibers which can be spun include bamboo, hemp, corn, and soy fiber.
Synthetic fibers
A number of synthetic materials are also commonly made into yarn, chiefly acrylic. All-acrylic yarns are available, as are wool-acrylic blends in various proportions. Some other synthetics are available as well; yarn designed for use in socks frequently contains a small percentage of nylon, and numerous specialty yarns exist.
Comparison of material properties
A full restored & operative primay level spinning machine taking freshly carded cotton tails from barrels & spinning them into yarn at the Quarry Bank Mill, UK.
Protein yarns (hair, silk, feathers) may also be irritating to some people, causing contact dermatitis, hives, wheezing or other reactions. Plant fibers tend to be better tolerated by people with sensitivities to the protein yarns, and allergists may suggest using them or synthetics instead to prevent symptoms. Some people find that they can tolerate organically grown and processed versions of protein fibers, possibly because organic processing standards preclude the use of chemicals that may irritate the skin.
When natural fibers are burned, they tend to singe and have a smell of burnt hair; synthetic yarns tend to melt. Noting how an unidentified fiber strand burns and smells can assist in determining if it is natural or synthetic.
Synthetic yarns, because of their construction as long, extruded strands, do not pill the way natural yarns can.
Yarns combining synthetic and natural materials inherit the properties of each parent, according to the proportional composition. Synthetics are added to lower cost, increase durability, add unusual color or visual effects, provide machine washability and stain resistance, reduce heat retention or lighten garment weight.
Structure
:''See main article'' Spinning (textiles)
A Spinning Jenny, spinning machine which initiated the Industrial Revolution
Z- and S-twist yarn
'Spun yarn' is made by twisting or otherwise bonding staple fibers together to make a cohesive thread.[3] Twisting fibers into yarn in the process called spinning can be dated back to the Upper Paleolithic[4], and yarn spinning was one of the very first processes to be industrialized. Spun yarns may contain a single fiber, or synthetic fibers which have high strength, artificial lustre, and fire retardant qualities may be blended with natural fibers which have good water absorbance and skin comforting qualities, in different proportions, to manufacture yarn for fabric. The most widely used blends are cotton-polyester and wool-acrylic fiber blends.
Yarns are made up of any number of plies, each ply being a single spun yarn. These single plys of yarn are twisted in the opposite direction (plied) together to make a thicker yarn. Depending on the direction of this final twist, the yarn will be known as ''s-twist'' or ''z-twist''.
'Filament yarn' consists of filament fibers twisted together. Thicker (monofilaments are typically used for industrial purposes rather than fabric production or decoration. Silk is a natural filament, and synthetic filament yarns are used to produce silk-like effects.
'Texturized yarns' are made by a process of air texturizing (sometimes referred to as ''taslanizing''), which combines mutliple filament yarns into a yarn with some of the characteristics of spun yarns.
Measurement
Craft yarns
Yarn quantities are usually measured by weight in ounces or grams. In the United States, balls of yarn for handcrafts are usually sold in three-ounce, four-ounce, six-ounce, and eight-ounce skeins. In Europe, yarn is often sold in increments of 25 grams, with 25 g, 50 g, and 100 g being common quantities. These measurements are taken at a standard temperature and humidity, because yarn can absorb moisture from the air. The actual length of the yarn contained in a ball or skein can vary due to the inherent heaviness of the fiber and the thickness of the strand; for instance, a 50 g skein of lace weight mohair may contain several hundred meters, while a 50 g skein of bulky wool may contain only 60 meters.
There are several thicknesses of yarn, also referred to as weight. An effort by the Craft Yarn Council of America is being made to promote a standardized industry system for measuring this, numbering the weights from 1 (finest) to 6 (heaviest)[5]. Some of the names for the various weights of yarn from finest to thickest are called lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, aran, bulky, and super-bulky. This naming convention is more descriptive than precise; fiber artists disagree about where on the continuum each lies, and the precise relationships between the sizes.
A more precise measurement of yarn weight, often used by weavers, is wraps per inch (wpi). The yarn is wrapped snugly around a ruler and the number of wraps that fit in an inch are counted.
Labels on yarn for handcrafts often include information on gauge, known in the UK as tension, which is a measurement of how many stitches and rows are produced per inch or per centimeter on a specified size of knitting needle or crochet hook. The proposed standardization uses a four-by-four inch/ten-by-ten centimeter knitted or crocheted square, with the resultant number of stitches across and rows high made by the suggested tools on the label to determine the gauge.
In Europe textile engineers often use the unit tex, which is the weight in grams of a kilometer of yarn, or decitex, which is a finer measurement corresponding to the weight in grams of 10 kilometers of yarn. Many other units have been used over time by different industries.
Thread
Most types of embroidery thread come in a single size or weight; an exception is pearl or perle cotton, which comes in three weights, No. 3 (heaviest), No. 5, and No. 8 (finest).[6]
Color
Yarn drying after being dyed in the early American tradition, at Conner Prairie living history museum.
Yarn may be used undyed, or may be colored with natural or artificial dyes. Most yarns have a single uniform hue, but there is also a wide selection of variegated yarns:
★ heathered or tweed: yarn with flecks of different colored fiber
★ ombre: variegated yarn with light and dark shades of a single hue
★ colorway: variegated yarn with two or more distinct hues (a "parrot colorway" might have green, yellow and red)
★ self-striping: yarn dyed with lengths of color that will automatically create stripes in a knitted or crocheted object
★ marled: yarn made from strands of different-colored yarn twisted together, sometimes in closely-related hues
See also
★ Embroidery thread
★ List of novelty yarns
★ Textile manufacturing
Notes
1. Kadolph, Sara J., ed.: ''Textiles'', 10th edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2007, ISBN 0-13-118769-4, p. 203
2. "How yarn is made"
3. Kadolph, ''Textiles'', p. 197
4. Barber, Elizabeth Wayland: ''Women's Work:The First 20,000 Years'', W. W. Norton, 1994, p. 44
5. http://www.yarnstandards.com/weight.html
6. Reader's Digest ''Complete Guide to Needlework''. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. (March 1992). ISBN 0-89577-059-8, p. 8
External links
★ Craft Yarn Council of America
★ How to buy enough yarn: Wraps per inch method
★ Manufacturing COMPACT YARN
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