YEKATERINBURG

'Yekaterinburg' (, also
romanized ''Ekaterinburg'' or ''Jekaterinburg'', formerly 'Sverdlovsk') is a major city in the central part of Russia, the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast. Situated on the eastern side of the Ural mountain range, it is the main industrial and cultural center of the Urals Federal District. Its population of 1,293,537 (2002 Census), which is down from 1,364,621 recorded in the 1989 Census), makes it Russia's fifth largest city. Between 1924 and 1991, the city was known as 'Sverdlovsk' (Свердло́вск), after the Bolshevik leader Yakov Sverdlov.

Contents

History

Geography and climate

Economy and education

Transport and accommodation

Culture

International relations

Consulates

Twin cities

Notable citizens

Honorary citizens

Other

See also

Notes

External links and sources

History

The city was founded in 1721 by Vasily Tatischev and named after Saint Catherine, the namesake of Tsar Peter the Great's wife Empress Catherine I (Yekaterina). The official date of the city foundation, however, is November 18, 1723. The city was named Sverdlovsk after the Bolshevik party leader and Soviet official Yakov Sverdlov from 1924 to 1991.
Soon after the Russian Revolution, on July 17, 1918, Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, Alexandra, and their children Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsarevich Alexei were executed by Bolsheviks at the Ipatiev House in this city. In 1977 the Ipatiev House was destroyed by order of Boris Yeltsin who later became the first President of the Russian Federation.
In the 1920s, Yekaterinburg became a large industrial center of Russia. It was the time when the famous Uralmash was built, becoming the biggest heavy machinery factory in Europe.
During World War II, many government technical institutions and whole factories were relocated to Yekaterinburg away from the war-affected areas (mostly Moscow), with many of them staying in Ekaterinburg after the victory.
In the 1960s, in the days of Khruschev's government, a number of lookalike five-story apartment blocks have sprung all over the city. Most of them still remain today in Kirovsky, Chkalovsky, and other residential areas of Yekaterinburg.
On May 1, 1960 an American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Francis Gary Powers while under the employ of the CIA, was shot down over Sverdlovsk Oblast. The pilot was captured, put on trial, and found guilty of espionage. He was sentenced to seven years of hard labour, though he served only about a year before being exchanged for Rudolph Abel, a high-ranking KGB spy, who had been apprehended in the United States in 1957. The two spies were exchanged at the Glienicke Bridge in Potsdam, Germany, on February 10 1962. Since the end of World War II, the Glienicke Bridge was the most popular captive-trading place when the west and the east felt it necessary to negotiate.

There was an anthrax outbreak in Yekaterinburg (then Sverdlovsk) in April and May 1979, which was attributed by Soviet officials to the locals eating contaminated meat. However, American agencies believe that the locals inhaled spores accidentally released from an aerosol of pathogen at a military microbiology facility. Dr. Kanatjan Alibekov's account of the Sverdlovsk anthrax leak in his book Biohazard agrees with the American agencies' view. In 1994, a team of independent American researchers lead by Matthew Meselson concluded based on a number of sources of evidence that it was conclusive that the illnesses were a result of an anthrax release from the Sverdlovsk-19 military facility.^[1]

Geography and climate

Yekaterinburg is situated 1,667 km (1,036 miles) east of Moscow, on the eastern side of the Ural mountains on the Iset river. It is surrounded by forests, mainly taiga, and small lakes. The winter lasts for about 5 months - from November until the middle of April and the temperature may fall to minus 40 degrees. The summer on the Urals is short and lasts an average of 65-70 days with an average temperature of 20 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit). Summer snow is not an unusual occurrence, giving birth to the local saying "short, mildly snowy summer in the Urals" (Russian: недолгое малоснежное Уральское лето) Due to the city's location and different winds the weather is very unstable from day to day and from year to year.

Economy and education

The main branches of the regional industry are: machinery, metal processing, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy
Urals Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (UB RAS) and numerous scientific research institutes and establishments are situated in Yekaterinburg. With its 16 state-owned universities and educational academies, as well as a number of private higher education institutions (2005), Yekaterinburg is considered the leading educational and scientific center of the Urals. Urals A.M. Gorky State University, Ural State Technical University, Urals State Pedagogical University,Urals State University of Forestry, Urals State University of Mines, Urals State University of the Railways, Russian State Vocational Pedagogics University, Urals State University of Economics, Military Institute of Artillery, Urals State Conservatory, Urals State Agricultural Academy, Urals State Academy of Law, Urals State Academy of Medicine, Urals State Academy of Performing Arts, Urals Academy of Public Service, and Urals Academy of Architecture are among them.

Transport and accommodation

Yekaterinburg, still called by its Soviet name Sverdlovsk in rail timetables, is an important railway junction on Trans-Siberian Railway, with lines radiating to all parts of the Urals and the rest of Russia. As the economy grew stronger after the slump of the 1990s, several European airlines started or resumed flying to the city's Koltsovo International Airport (SVX). These include Lufthansa, British Midland, Malév, Austrian Airlines and Czech Airlines.
Yekaterinburg is also served by the smaller Yekaterinburg Aramil Airport.
Yekaterinburg's public transit network includes the Yekaterinburg Metro which was opened in 1991, and many streetcar (tram), bus, and trolleybus routes.

Culture

The city has several dozens of libraries including the V. G. Belinsky Scientific Library, the largest public library in the Urals.
Yekaterinburg is famous for its theaters among which there are some very popular theater companies: Yekaterinburg Academic Ballet and Opera Company, Sverdlovsk Academic Theater of Musical Comedy (legendary company known in Russia and in ex-soviet republics as ''Свердловская музкомедия'' - ''Sverdlovskaya muzkomedia''), Yekaterinburg Academic Dramatic Theater, Yekaterinburg Theater for Young Spectators, Volkhonka (popular chamber theater), Kolyada Theater (chamber theater founded by Russian playwright, producer and actor Nikolai Kolyada). Yekaterinburg is the center of ''New Drama'' - movement of contemporary Russian playwrighs: Nikolai Kolyada, Vasily Sigarev, Konstantin Kostenko, Presnyakov brothers, Oleg Bogayev. Yekaterinburg is also often called ''capital of contemporary dance'' for a number of famous contemporary dance companies residing in the city: ''Kipling'', ''Provincial Dances'', ''Tantstrest'' with a special department of contemporary dance at the Yekaterinburg University of Humanities.
A number of popular Russian rock bands, such as Urfin Dzhyus, , Chicherina, Nautilus Pompilius, Nastya, Trek, Agata Kristi and Smyslovye Gallyutsinatsii, were originally formed in Yekaterinburg (''Ural Rock'' is often considered as a particular variety of the rock music, Yekaterinburg and St. Petersburg are considered to be the main centers of rock music in Russia). Besides some famous opera singers - Boris Shtokolov, Yury Gulyayev, Vera Bayeva - graduated from the Urals State Conservatory. The Ural Philharmonic Orchestra (current conductor - Dmitry Liss) founded by Mark Paverman and located in Yekaterinburg is also very popular in Russia and in Europe as well as the Ural Academic Popular Chorus - famous folklor singigng and dance ensemble.
In Yekaterinburg there are more than 30 museums, among which: several museums of ural minerals and jewellery, some art galleries, one of the largest collections of Kasli mouldings (traditional kind of cast-iron sculpture in the Urals), the famous ''Shigirskaya Kladovaya'' (''Шигирская кладовая'') - Shigir Collection including the oldest wood sculpture in the world - the Shigir Idol found near Nevyansk and estimated to be made about 9,000 years ago).
In Yekaterinburg, there is one of the tallest incomplete architectural structures in the world, the Yekaterinburg TV Tower.

International relations

The largest city in the Urals and one of the top five in Russia, Yekaterinburg has a number of consulates of major countries. For people wishing to make a visa application and needing to attend interview, this can easily take a half-week off the travelling time to get to the interview (in the event that there are internal flights to Yekaterinburg, they may only be once per week).

Consulates

★ United States Consulate—15 Gogolya Street; the first consulate with a visa section in the Urals, established in 1994.

★ United Kingdom Consulate—established 1997 as a full consulate with a visa section, on 15a Gogolya Street.

★ German Consulate—a full consulate with a visa section, on 44 Kuybysheva St.

★ Czech Republic Consulate— general consulate with a visa section, on 15 Gogolya Street;

★ Kyrgyzstan Consulate— general consulate on 105 Bolshakova Street;

★ Bulgaria Consulate— general consulate on 74 Lunacharskogo Street;

★ the People's Republic of China Consulate— general consulate.

Twin cities

Yekaterinburg is a sister city of

★ - Pilsen, Czech Republic

★ - San Jose, California, U.S.A., since 1992

★ - Guangzhou, the People's Republic of China, since July 10 2002

Notable citizens

The following people were either born in Yekaterinburg or made names for themselves while residing there. Note that many of the ice hockey players listed play in North America's National Hockey League.

★ Grigory Aleksandrov, film director

★ Grigory Bakhchivandzhy, test pilot

★ Alexandra Shpakova, photomodel

★ Aleksei Balabanov, film director

★ Pavel Bazhov, author

★ Sergei Chepikov, biathlon competitor, Olympic champion

★ Oksana Cherkasova, cartoonist

★ Chiang Ching-kuo, president of the Republic of China from 1978 to 1988. From 1932 to 1937, Chiang Ching-kuo worked in Ekaterinburg at Ural Heavy Machinery Plant (Uralmash). In Ekaterinburg he met his wife Faina Ipatyevna Vakhreva.

★ Pavel Datsyuk, ice hockey player

★ Aleksandr Demyanenko, actor

★ Irina Denezhkina, author

★ Bella Dizhur, children's poet, mother of Ernst Neizvestny

★ Alexander Dolsky, poet

★ Aleksei Fedorchenko, film director, winner of the 62 Mostra for ''First on the Moon''

★ Valentin Filatov, soviet circus artist

★ Albert Filozov, actor

★ Stanislav Govorukhin, film director

★ Aleksei Haritidi, cartoonist, Palm d'Or Court Métrage winner at the Cannes International Film Festival for ''Gagarin''

★ Maria Hersht, neurologist

★ Nikolai Khabibulin, ice hockey goaltender

★ Vladimir Khotenenko, film director

★ Evgeniy Kolobov, conductor

★ Nikolai Kolyada, playwright

★ Ilya Kormiltsev, poet, translator

★ Olga Kotlyarova, runner

★ Vladimir Krasnopolsky, film director

★ Vladislav Krapivin, children's author

★ Nikolai Krasovsky, prominent mathematician

★ Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov, partisan and hero of World War II

★ Yaropolk Lapshin, film director

★ Yury Levitan, radio speaker during World War II

★ Dmitry Liss, conductor of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra

★ Lyudmila Lyadova, composer

★ Vladimir Malakhov, ice hockey player

★ Dmitry Mamin-Siberyak, author

★ Georgi Misharin, ice hockey player

★ Vladimir Motyl, film director and scenarist

★ Ernst Neizvestny, sculptor

★ Nikolai Nikonov, author

★ Yury Osipov, mathematician and president of the Russian Academy of Sciences

★ Gleb Panfilov, film director

★ Mark Paverman, conductor, founder of the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra

★ Ivan Polzunov, inventor

★ Alexander Stepanovich Popov, physicist who was the first to demonstrate the practical application of electromagnetic waves (radio)

★ Alexander Popov, swimmer, full member of the International Olympic Committee

★ Oleg and Vladimir Presnyakov, playwrights

★ Ivan Pyriev, film director

★ Evgeniy Rodygin, composer

★ Fyodor Reshetnikov, author

★ Eduard Rossel, politician, governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast

★ Boris Ryzhy, poet

★ Nikolai Semikhatov, mechanic, constructor of ballistic missiles control systems

★ Vera Sessina, gymnast

★ Ivan Shadr, sculptor

★ Boris Shtokolov, opera singer

★ Stanislav Shvarts, prominent zoologist

★ Vasily Sigarev, playwright

★ Anatoly Solonitsyn, actor, winner of the Berlin International Film Festival prize for best actor

★ Lev Sorokin, author, poet

★ Boris Stenin, speed skater

★ Pyotr Tayozhny, sculptor

★ Svetlana Torlopova, muse

★ Vladimir Uskov, film director

★ Sergei Vonsovsky, prominent physicist

★ Alexei Yashin, ice hockey player

★ Boris Yeltsin, first Russian president

★ Rimma Zhukova, speed skater

★ Irina Lashko, silver winner (diving) at the 1996 Summer Olympics

★ Tatiana Uskashova, delegate to the J8 Summit in 2006, met with Putin and other world leaders

Honorary citizens

This is a short list of the most notable honorary citizens of Yekaterinburg (title conferred every year on the Day of the City):

★ Arkady Chernetsky, mayor of Yekaterinburg

★ Gennady Mesyats, vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences, one of the founders of the contemporary Demidov Prize

★ Vladimir Tretyakov, president of the Ural State University

★ Eduard Rossel, governor of the Sverdlovsk Oblast

★ Sergei Chepikov, biathlon competitor, Olympic champion

★ Vera Bayeva, famous opera singer

★ Vladislav Krapivin, children's author

★ Nikolai Krasovsky, prominent mathematician

★ Nikolai Karpol, coach of the national women volleyball team and the legendary Yekaterinburg women volleyball club ''Uralochka'' (''Уралочка'')

★ Sergei Vonsovsky, prominent physicist

★ Vladimir Kurochkin, musical comedy and opera producer

Other

A ballistic missile submarine of the Project 667BDRM 'Delfin' class (NATO reporting name: Delta IV) has been named "Ekaterinburg" (K-84/'807') in honor of the city.
The asteroid 27736 Ekaterinburg was named in the city's honour on 1 June 2007.

See also

★ Yekaterinburg-City

★ Names of Asian cities in different languages

Notes

1. Matthew S. Meselson, et al., "The Sverdlovsk Anthrax Outbreak of 1979", ''Science'' 266:5188 (18 November 1994): 1202-1208.

External links and sources

★ http://www.EKATERINBURG.KAT.NU[1] {photo's and more info, 2 webcam live}

★ http://www.EKATERINBURG.TK {photo's and more info}

★ http://www.ekabu.de (English/German)

★

★ "Ekaterinburg On-Line" News, information, events (Russian)]

★ Yekaterinburg for travellers

★ www.ekburg.ruAll information about Ekaterinburg.

★ 1723.ru - Website dedicated to Yekaterinburg. Numerous photogalleries.

★ Yekaterinburg Information Portal

★ Photogallery

★ Flickr photos tagged Yekaterinburg

★ Way to Russia - Guide to Yekaterinburg