 | All Hail Biafra Visit Biafraland Dot Com http://www.biafraland.com/ Police Killed 17 of Our Leaders - MASSOB Daily Champion (Lagos) March 5, 2006 Posted to the web March 6, 2006 12 killed over MASSOB protest Posted To The Web: Wednesday, December 07, 2005 - EMM OGU, Owerri, and ALPHONSUS NWEZE, Onitsha 20 killed in bloody Police, MASSOB clash By Anayo Okoli, Chidi Nkwopara & Eric Ugbor Posted to the Web: Wednesday, December 07, 2005 Vanguard MASSOB members to be treated as robbers in Delta — Police Posted To The Web: Wednesday, November 09, 2005 - By Austin Ogwuda NIGERIA: Biafran separatist leader charged with treason ABUJA, 8 Nov 2005 (IRIN) 10 arrested as MASSOB members attempt to hoist Biafran flag in Asaba Posted To The Web: Thursday, September 08, 2005 - By Austin Ogwuda SSS declares MASSOB leader wanted By Chidi Nkwopara Posted to the Web: Friday, September 02, 2005 Police swoop on MASSOB, arrest 8 Posted To The Web: Wednesday, August 17, 2005 - CAJETAN MMUTA, Asaba SSS, MASSOB clash over Biafran money • Man swallows currency to evade arrest Posted To The Web: Friday, August 12, 2005 - EMMA OGU, Owerri and VINCENT ADEKOYE, Benin Nigeria: Treatment of members of the Movement for the Actualizationof the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB); availability of state protection (August 2004-June 2005) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Ottawa A number of civil society watchdogs, including human rights organizations, media sources, civil rights activists and academics, say that members of the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) frequently face harassment and the risk of arrest and detention by state authorities (HRW Jan. 2005; Denmark Jan. 2005, 11-13; This Day 13 Mar. 2005; Daily Champion 18 Mar. 2005; IRIN 19 Apr. 2005). They report that the group endures such aggravation in spite of its policy of non- violence (Denmark Jan. 2005, 11-13; This Day 13 Mar. 2005; Daily Champion 18 Mar. 2005; IRIN 19 Apr. 2005). In World Report 2005, Human Rights Watch (HRW) says that members of the Biafran independence movement were "repeatedly harassed and arrested" (Jan. 2005). The Civil Liberties Organization (CLO), one of Nigeria's leading human rights groups, recently condemned the "brutal crackdown" on members of the MASSOB by state security agents (This Day 13 Mar. 2005). According to CLO, the mobile police use a tactic of "kill and go" to intimidate "a group that bears no arms" (ibid.). The Lagos-based Human Rights and Justice Group maintains that government security agents systematically kill members of MASSOB, forcing many to flee the country out of fear for their lives (Daily Champion 18 Mar. 2005). Professor Pat Utomi of the Pan-African University in Lagos, a popular commentator in the Nigerian media, explained that memories of the Biafran independence war (1967-1970) are behind the government's overreaction, which has resulted in the arrest and detention of many MASSOB members (Denmark Jan. 2005, 11). According to the Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), "the issue of Biafran independence remains touchy for the government, not least because [President] Obasango, a former army general, fought personally in the civil war on the side of the federal government" (19 Apr. 2005). In an interview with representatives of the Danish Immigration Service and the British Home Office during their joint fact-finding mission to Nigeria, Muhammad Sani Usman, Chief Administration Officer of the National Human Rights Commission (Nigeria), said that MASSOB is a non-violent political movement campaigning for an independent republic of Biafra (Denmark Jan. 2005, 11). In a similar interview, Clement Nwankwo, a Lagos-based lawyer and former director of the civil rights group Constitutional Rights Project, concurred with Usman, saying that MASSOB is an unarmed and non-violent movement (ibid., 12). However, Nwankwo explained that, because non-violent groups are legal in Nigeria, the government insists that MASSOB is violent and has therefore banned the movement (ibid., 13). Nwankwo added that the National Police Force (NPF) has falsely accused MASSOB members of carrying arms, and argued that reports to the contrary are likely "set-ups," orchestrated by the police to provide grounds for arrests and detentions (Denmark Jan. 2005, 13). |
 | Nigeria National Anthem British influence and control over what would become Nigeria grew through the 19th century. A series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy; independence came in 1960. Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed. The government continues to face the daunting task of reforming a petroleum-based economy, whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement, and institutionalizing democracy. In addition, Nigeria continues to experience longstanding ethnic and religious tensions. Although both the 2003 and 2007 presidential elections were marred by significant irregularities and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence. The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history. Capital: name: Abuja geographic coordinates: 9 12 N, 7 11 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 36 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Federal Capital Territory*, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nassarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni.html |
 | Nigeria war against Biafra 1967-1970 (part 2) Part 2 |
 | Rhodesia National Anthem This article is about the former British colony of Southern Rhodesia, today's Zimbabwe. For other uses, see Rhodesia (disambiguation). Rhodesia Republic of Rhodesia Unrecognized state ← 1965 -- 1979 → Flag Coat of arms Motto Sit Nomine Digna (Latin) "May she be worthy of the name" Anthem "Rise O Voices of Rhodesia" (from 1974) Capital Salisbury Language(s) English Government Republic President¹ - 1970--1975 Clifford Dupont - 1976--1978 John Wrathall Officer Administering the Government¹ - 1965--1970 Clifford Dupont Prime minister - 1965--1979 Ian Smith Historical era Cold War - Independence (UDI) November 11, 1965 - Republic declared March 2, 1970 - Zimbabwe-Rhodesia June 1, 1979 - Zimbabwe April 17, 1980 Area - 1978 390,580 km² (150,804 sq mi) Population - 1978 est. 6,930,000 Density 17.7 /km² (46 /sq mi) Currency Pound (until 1970) Dollar (from 1970) ¹ The government recognised Queen Elizabeth II as the official Head of State from 1965 to 1970. The highest official of Rhodesia held the title "Officer Administering the Government" as he acted in lieu of a Governor-General, a post never appointed by the Queen. After the government declared Rhodesia a republic in March 1970 the president replaced the Governor-General as the highest official. Zimbabwe This article is part of the series: History of Zimbabwe Pre-colonial history Mutapa Empire (c. 1250-1629) Torwa dynasty (c. 1450-1683) Rozwi Empire (1684 - 1834) Colonial history Rhodesia Zimbabwe WP:ZIM This box: view • talk • edit Rhodesia was the name adopted when the formerly British colony of Southern Rhodesia declared itself independent (Unilateral Declaration of Independence) on 11th November 1965. The name was also used with the establishment of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia in 1979. After a brief return to colonial status as Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980, the country became the independent nation of Zimbabwe in April 1980. The country is landlocked and located in southern Africa. Predominantly white Settler Governments governed the country until 1979, initially as a self governing colony then, after the Unilateral Declaration of Independence as a self-proclaimed sovereign Dominion and latterly a Republic. The colony was named after Cecil John Rhodes, whose British South Africa Company acquired the land in the nineteenth century. The colony gained international recognition of its independence in 1980 as the Republic of Zimbabwe. Before 1964 the name "Rhodesia" referred to the territory of modern Zambia and Zimbabwe. The British government adopted a policy of No Independence Before Majority African Rule (NIBMAR), dictating that colonies with a substantial population of white settlers would not receive independence except under conditions of universal suffrage and majority rule. The European minority Rhodesian Front (RF) government, led by Ian Smith, opposed the policy. The British Empire ruled over the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia until negotiations between Smith's government and the UK government broke down in 1965. Smith's government declared the country independent from British rule on 11 November 1965 in what became known as UDI (Unilateral Declaration of Independence). Smith sent a telegram notifying British Prime Minister Harold Wilson at precisely 1 p.m. local time (11 a.m. in London) on 11 November, at the precise moment that the UK started its traditional two minutes of silence to mark the end of World War I and honour its war dead. The not-so-hidden message to "kith and kin," as Smith put it, recalled Southern Rhodesia's assistance and allegiance to the UK in its time of need in World War I and II. British High Commissioner John Baines Johnston, who disliked Smith, cleaned out the High Commission building of all official documents and left Rhodesia. Smith gave strict instructions to his government not to harm the High Commission building in any way, much to Johnston's surprise. The international community condemned UDI. The United Nations Security Council authorised the first use of sanctions, targeting Rhodesia at the behest of Britain, beginning in 1965 and lasting until the restoration of British rule in December 1979. The terms of these sanctions forbade most forms of trade or financial exchange with Rhodesia. However, not all members of the international community adhered to the sanctions. South Africa, Portugal, Israel, Iran and some Arab nations helped Rhodesia in various ways. In the case of the U.S., the 1971 Byrd Amendment allowed the importation of chrome, ferrochrome and nickel from Rhodesia.[1] Rhodesia evaded sanctions in the short term but few outsiders invested in Rhodesia after the sanctions. |
 | Beyonce Singing Nigerian National Anthem Beyonce moves the crowd to tears by singing the Nigerian National Anthem. Thisday Concert: Saturday 7th October 06 Lagos Polo Club, Ikoyi |
 | Bophuthatswana National Anthem Bophuthatswana (meaning gathering of the Tswana people was a bantustan ("homeland") in the northwest of South Africa. It had a surface area of approximately 40 000 km² and consisted of seven enclaves dispersed over the former South African provinces of Cape Province, Transvaal and Orange Free State. The capital Mmabatho was situated in an area bordering Botswana. The homeland was set up to house Setswana-speaking peoples. In 1983 it had more than 1,430,000 inhabitants. Bophuthatswana was given nominal self-rule in 1971, and became nominally independent on December 6, 1977; Kgosi Lucas Mangope was appointed head of state. In reality Bophuthatswana was a client state of apartheid-era South Africa and was not recognized as an independent country by any government other than that of South Africa (and Israel). Those relocated to Bophuthatswana lost their South African citizenship. In 1988 an attempted coup was suppressed by South Africa, who reinstated Mangope. The coup was later said to have been led by the opposition at the time, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) under the leadership of Rocky Malebana Metsing. A second coup in 1990 was also thwarted. In the beginning of 1994 with South Africa heading for democratic elections, the autocratic President Lucas Mangope resisted reincorporation into South Africa. 40 people were wounded when Bophuthatswana Defence Force troops opened fire on striking civil servants. Mangope took an increasingly hardline stance, rejected Independent Electoral Commission chairman Judge Johann Kriegler's plea for free political activity in the territory, and fired the staff of the Bophuthatswana Broadcasting Corporation, closing down two television stations and three radio stations. The white supremacist group Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) took the opportunity to move in and try to restore the apartheid status quo, but was humiliated in early March when, in the presence of photojournalists and a TV crew, uniformed members of the AWB on an armed incursion to the Mmabatho/Mafikeng area shot at people alongside the road, injuring and killing many.[2] They themselves were shot at by members of the Bophuthatswana Defence Force (BDF) and the Police and forced to retreat. Three wounded AWB members were shot dead at point blank range by Ontlametse Bernstein Menyatsoe of the BDF while retreating.[3] These killings effectively spelt the end of white right-wing military opposition to democratic reforms. Mangope was replaced by an interim government, and on April 27 of the same year all ten homelands, including Bophuthatswana, were reincorporated into post-apartheid South Africa. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bophuthatswana |
 | Pa Awo- "The Best President Nigeria Never Had" Okoroman presents: "The best president Nigeria never had." Dedicated to those relevance seeking Yoruba (Biafra-haters) In 1945, the first killings of the Igbo occurred in Jos. In 1953, it occurred in Kano. At the end of the inquiry into the Kano killings of 1953, the British wrote that, "No amount of provocation, short-term or long-term, can in any way justify their behavior... the seeds of the trouble which broke out in Kano on May 16 (1953) have their counterparts still in the ground. It could happen again, and only a realization and acceptance of the underlying causes can remove the danger of re-occurrence." In 1966, the rest of Nigeria got a "short term" provocation in form of the coup of 1966, to massacre the Igbo. The coup was carried out by young Ibadan trained idealistic officers of the Nigeria Military Force, most of whom were Igbo. Their intellectual leaders were the likes of Christopher Okigbo and Wole Soyinka. Their sole aim was to make Obafemi Awolowo the leader of the country. But conveniently, the coup was tagged an Igbo coup. What followed was genocide against the Igbo. When Theophilus Danjuma and his Northern officers murdered General Aguiyi-Ironsi and seized power, they decided to announce the secession of the North from Nigeria. Gowon was persuaded to drop the idea by politicians from Western Nigeria working in consonant with British diplomats. What followed was a period of negotiation aimed at guaranteeing security to people of Eastern Nigeria. Interested in carrying out the final solution to the Igbo problem, Nigeria negotiated in bad faith. As situation deteriorated, the leader of Western Nigeria, Obafemi Awolowo announced to the world press that the West would pull out of Nigeria should the East go. Well, the war came. Nigeria unleashed every arsenal possible, hiring Egyptian jet pilots, carrying out their "police action" with the Soviets and the British tanks and fighter jets. The likes of Anthony Enahoro proudly promoted starvation as an acceptable weapon of war. Commanders like Benjamin Adekunle boasted: "I want to see no Red Cross, no Caritas, no World Council of Churches, no Pope, no missionary and no U.N. delegation. I want to prevent even one Igbo having even one thing to eat before their capitulation... We shoot at everything that moves... then we shoot at everything, even things that don't move." Nigeria had launched a blockade on Biafra and Chief Obafemi Awolowo(Minister of Finance) declared "All is fair in war, and starvation is one of the weapons of war. I don't see why we should feed our enemies fat in order for them to fight harder." Thirty months after the war supposed to have ended. Gowon declared no victor, no vanquished and promised the world his government would guarantee the Igbo safety and security in Nigeria. The day after, he would not let relief supply to fly into Biafra and save starving children of Biafra who were dying at 30,000 a day. Instead, relief had to be flown through Lagos wasting crucial days on the road before it got to the East. Gowon and his finance commissioner, Obafemi Awolowo, instituted a policy that conficated Biafran accounts and gave the Igbo people(Biafrans) 20 pounds in exchange for whatever money they had (balance plus interest). The Igbo who owned properties in many parts of Nigeria had their properties declared Abandoned Properties. |
 | Zambia National Anthem The territory of Northern Rhodesia was administered by the [British] South Africa Company from 1891 until it was taken over by the UK in 1923. During the 1920s and 1930s, advances in mining spurred development and immigration. The name was changed to Zambia upon independence in 1964. In the 1980s and 1990s, declining copper prices and a prolonged drought hurt the economy. Elections in 1991 brought an end to one-party rule, but the subsequent vote in 1996 saw blatant harassment of opposition parties. The election in 2001 was marked by administrative problems with three parties filing a legal petition challenging the election of ruling party candidate Levy MWANAWASA. The new president launched an anticorruption task force in 2002, but the government has yet to make a prosecution. The Zambian leader was reelected in 2006 in an election that was deemed free and fair. Capital: name: Lusaka geographic coordinates: 15 25 S, 28 17 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/za.html |
 | Nigeria buries Darfur dead At one end of the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Abuja were seven ambulances provided by the National Hospital Abuja. From another end the Minister of State for Defense Mrs. Fidelia Njeze, the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory and other top ranking officers arrive at the airport to receive the dead bodies. At about 4.20pm the aircraft carrying the gallant soldiers taxied down. Shortly after the bodies of the fallen heros were been brought out one after the other into the seven ambulances. The Minsiter of State visibly in a sorrowful mood praised the gallantry of the Nigerian army for bringing back the remains of the gallant soldiers. Soundbite:Minister of State For Defense Speaking(English): "We are all depressed so it does not give room for too many ceremonies for now. They did a good job and I congratulate them. It is not easy it requires a lot of courage to do that and I praise them for that". |
 | Katanga National Anthem Katanga was a break away state proclaimed on July 11, 1960 separating itself from the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo. In revolt against the new government of Patrice Lumumba in July, Katanga declared independence under Moise Tshombe, leader of the local CONAKAT party. The new Katangese government did not enjoy the support throughout the province, especially in the northern Baluba areas. The state is now Katanga Province, part of Democratic Republic of the Congo. The declaration of independence was made with the support of Belgian business interests and over 6000 Belgian troops. Tshombe was known to be close to the Belgian industrial companies which mined the rich resources of copper, gold and uranium. Katanga was one of the richest and most developed areas of the Congo. Without Katanga, Congo would lose a large part of its mineral assets and consequently government income. The view of the Congolese central government and a large section of international opinion was that this was an attempt to create a Belgian-controlled puppet-state run for the benefit of the mining interests. Paradoxically not even Belgium officially recognised the new state despite providing it with military assistance. In September, Prime Minister Lumumba was replaced in a coup d'état by Joseph Mobutu. On 17 January 1961 Mobutu sent Lumumba to Élisabethville where he was tortured and executed shortly after arrival. Belgian officers, under Katangan command, were present at the execution. The UN Security Council met in the wake of Lumumba's death in a highly emotional atmosphere charged with anti-colonial feeling and rhetoric. On 21 February 1961 the Security Council adopted resolution 161, which authorised 'all appropriate measures' to 'prevent the occurrence of civil war in the Congo, including ... the use of force, if necessary, in the last resort'. This resolution demanded the expulsion from the Congo of all Belgian troops and foreign mercenaries, but did not explicitly mandate the UN to conduct offensive operations. This resolution was ultimately interpreted by the local UN forces justify military operations to end the secession of Katanga. Despite this new resolution during the next six months the UN undertook no major military operations instead concentrating on facilitating several rounds of political negotiations. In June, Tshombe signed a pledge to reunite Katanga with rest of the country however, by August it was clear he had no intention to implement this agreement. In August and September, the UN conducted two operations to arrest and repatriate the mercenaries and political advisors by force. The second operation was resisted by the Katangan Gendarmerie and resulted in casualties on both sides. Peace negotiations ensued, in the course of which, UN secretary-general Dag Hammarskjöld died in uncertain circumstances in a plane crash near Ndola, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Under UN pressure, Tshombe later agreed to a three-stage plan from the acting Secretary General, U Thant, that would have reunited Katanga with Congo. However, this remained an agreement on paper only. Urged on by Congo's leader Cyrille Adola, United Nations forces launched a decisive attack on Katanga in December 1962. The capital, Élisabethville (now Lubumbashi), fell in January 1963, and Tshombe fled to Kolwezi, where he surrendered on January 15, 1963. The Katangan secession was formally ended by the National Conciliation Plan. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Katanga" |
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