 | Kawah Ijen Volcano - Sulfur Mining #12 The barrel is directly on fumarole and condenses the molten sulfur from the fumes. |
 | Krafla volcano - fumaroles and boiling mudpools. Krafla is a caldera of about 10 km in diameter with a 90 km long fissure zone, in the north of Iceland in the Mývatn region. Its highest peak reaches up to 818 m. Krafla includes one of the two best known Víti craters of Iceland, the second is part of Askja. The Icelandic word "víti" means "hell". In former times, people often believed Hell to be under volcanoes. The crater Víti has a green lake inside of it. The Krafla area also includes Námafjall, a geothermal area with boiling mudpools and steaming fumaroles. During the years 1724-29, there were the so-called Mývatn fires. A lot of fissure vents opened up and the lava fountains could be seen even in the south of the island. A lava flow destroyed 3 farms near the village Reykjahlíð, but nobody was harmed. The last volcanic eruption at Krafla took place in 1984. Since 1977 the geothermal energy has been put to use by means of a 60 MW power station. It has erupted 29 times and it is 2km in depth |
 | Kawah Ijen Volcano - Sulfur Mining #9 Kawah Ijen is an active volcano in East Java, Indonesia. At the bottom of the volcano's crater is a lake with high concentrations of sulfuric and hydrochloric acid. Also at the bottom are active sulfur fumaroles where molten sulfur (as well as SO2 and H2S gases) erupt to the surface. Workers tap into the fumaroles with pipes which condense the sulfur fumes into molten sulfur. The molten sulfur is transported down the face of the sulfur dome to collection areas where it cools into a solid. Workers break up the sulfur and carry out the chunks in baskets. The usual load is around 80 kgs (175 pounds) and earns the worker about 5 US dollars per load. Most of the workers average 2-3 trips a day from the trailhead to Kawah Ijen, a one-way distance of about 3 kms (1.8 miles). This has to be one of the toughest jobs on the planet. Each man is often carrying more sulfur than he weighs. Most are wearing inadequate footwear, some are even wearing flip-flops for the treacherous descent into the crater. And while in the crater, the workers are exposed to hazardous, if not deadly amounts of poisonous gases from the fumaroles. On top of that, the lake at the bottom occasionaly 'burps' more poisonous gases, and has been known to kill all working within the crater |
 | Valley of Desolation, Dominica The Valley of Desolation is crossed en route to the Boiling Lake. What was once a lush forested area appears now to be devoid of life. The floor of the Valley is covered with mosses and lichens, and scattered around are grasses and the yellow and white flowered Bromeliad, Pitcairnia spicata var. sulpurea. The harsh environment of the Valley has limited the wildlife to lizards, cockroaches, stoneflies, mayflies and ants. Scattered throughout the purple-gren valley floor are brightly coloured hot springs. The greys, blues, blacks, greens, yellow, browns and oranges are the result of minerals from the water which have been deposited on the stream beds. Some of the rocks are also covered with yellow sulphur crystals. Hot boiling mud, mini-geysers and fumaroles are scattered in the Valley. The water from the Boiling Lake and Valley of Desolation flows into Victoria Falls and River Blanc (White River) and enters the Atlantic Ocean near Delice. |
 | Fumaroles Fumaroles at Fountain Paint Pot on Lower Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park. The hiss and roar of a fumarole comes from gases - steam, carbon dioxide, and a little hydrogen sulfide - rushing from the earth through the vent. Its channel system reaches down into the hot rock masses, but it contains very little water. When water contacts the hot rock, it flashes into steam. Its volume increases 1,500 times and drives the gases from the vent. |
 | Kawah Ijen Volcano - Sulfur Mining #13 Note the molten red sulfur on the yellow sulfur the worker is breaking. |
 | Chile's Llaima volcano erupts Jan 01/08 Raw video)January 01/08...The Llaima volcano in southern Chile erupted, sending up a huge plume of smoke and coating the surrounding wilderness park with ash, forcing the evacuation of dozens of tourists, emergency officials said. There were no reports of damages or injuries. The volcano is in the Araucania region in southern Chile, inside Conguillio National Park and about 82 km from the city of Temuco. Local television images showed a column of dark smoke visible from many miles away. Before the eruption, people in the towns closest to the volcano said they heard loud noises underground. "We've ordered the evacuation of more than 100 tourists that were in the Conguillio reserve, where a lot of ash has fallen, Carmen Fernandez, director of Chile's National Emergency Office, told reporters. The emergency office said the volcano began erupting at 18:20 pm and that lava was flowing down the eastern side of the mountain. An official at the emergency office said it was still unclear whether the eruption would be brief or sustained. The 3,125-meter Llaima volcano, one of Chile's most active, has frequent moderate eruptions |
 | Going right through a fumarole steam vent Iceland steaming fumarole. We take a chance and walk right through it. |
 | Old Faithful - Yellowstone National Park Yellowstone national park |
 | Fumarole Near Mustard Spring Noisy, funny looking fumarole in Biscuit Basin, Yellowstone |
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