 | Chinese Civilization for Five Thousand Years3-5Qin & Han Emperor Jing of Han 汉景帝(188 BC--141 BC) was an emperor of China in the Han Dynasty from 156 BC to 141 BC. His reign saw the limit and curtailment of power of feudal princes which resulted in the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC. Emperor Jing managed to crush the revolt and princes were thereafter denied rights to appoint ministers for their fief. This move consolidated central power which paved the way for the glorious and long reign of his son Emperor Wu of Han. Impact on Chinese history As fore mentioned, Emperor Jing was a complicated character. His reign, along with that of his father Emperor Wen, known as the Rule of Wen and Jing, was considered to be one of the golden ages in Chinese history. However, it is also apparent from his actions that he lacked the warmth and openness his father had, and in many ways his reign was marked by political intrigue and treachery. Emperor Jing can also be credited for furthering the study of Taoist text after he recognized the Tao Te Ching as a Chinese classic during his rule. Emperor Wu of Han (simplified Chinese: 汉武帝; traditional Chinese: 漢武帝; pinyin: hànwǔdì; Wade-Giles: Wu Ti), (156 BC[1]--March 29, 87 BC), personal name Liu Che (劉徹), was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty in China, ruling from 141 BC to 87 BC. Emperor Wu is best remembered for the vast territorial expansion that occurred under his reign, as well as the strong and centralized Confucian state he organized. He is cited in Chinese history as one of the greatest emperors. As a military campaigner, Emperor Wu led Han China through its greatest expansion — at its height, the Empire's borders spanned from the modern Kyrgyzstan in the west, to the northern Korea in the northeast, and to northern Vietnam in the south. Emperor Wu successfully repelled the nomadic Xiongnu from systematically raiding northern China and dispatched his envoy Zhang Qian in 139 BC to seek an alliance with the Yuezhi of modern Uzbekistan. This resulted in further missions to Central Asia. Although historical records do not describe him as a follower of Buddhism, exchanges probably occurred as a consequence of these embassies, and there are suggestions that he received Buddhist statues from central Asia, as depicted in Mogao Caves murals. He ordered the first census in recorded history of China to take place in his reign. While establishing an autocratic and centralized state, Emperor Wu adopted the principles of Confucianism as the state philosophy and code of ethics for his empire and started a school to teach future administrators the Confucian classics. These reforms would have an enduring effect throughout the existence of imperial China and an enormous influence on neighboring civilizations. Emperor Wu's reign lasted 54 years — a record that would not be broken until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor more than 1800 years later. Emperor Guangwu汉光武帝(January 15, 5 BC - March 29, 57), born Liu Xiu 刘秀, was an emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, restorer of the dynasty in AD 25 and thus founder of the Later Han or Eastern Han (the restored Han Dynasty). He ruled over the whole of China from 36 until 57. He established his capital in Luoyang, 335 kilometers (210 miles) east of the former capital Chang'an, ushering in the Later/Eastern Han Dynasty. He implemented some reforms (notably land reform, albeit not very successfully) aimed at correcting some of the structural imbalances responsible for the downfall of the Former/Western Han. His reforms gave a new 200-year lease on life to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Guangwu's campaigns featured many able generals, but curiously, he lacked major strategists. That may very well be because he himself appeared to be a brilliant strategist; he often instructed his generals as to strategy from afar, and his predictions generally would be accurate. This was often emulated by later emperors who fancied themselves great strategists but who actually lacked Emperor Guangwu's brilliance -- usually to great disastrous results. Also fairly unique among emperors in Chinese history was Emperor Guangwu's combination of decisiveness and mercy. He often sought out peaceful means rather than bellicose means of putting areas under his control. He was, in particular, one of the rare examples of a founding emperor of a dynasty who did not kill, out of jealousy or paranoia, any of the generals or officials who contributed to his victories after his rule was secure. ------------------------------------------------- 2,Eastern Zhou东周(770-256 B.C.) 1),Spring and Autumn Period春秋(770-476 B.C) 2),Warring States战国(475-211 B.C) IV,Qin Dynasty秦朝(221-207 B.C.) V,Han Dynasty汉朝(206 B.C.-220) 1,Western han西汉(206 B.C.-24) 2,Eastern Han东汉(25-220) |
 | Discovery探索发现-Mawangdui马王堆传奇8-1 (A total of 4.There are some English descriptions on this video in "Chinese Civilization for Five Thousand Years3-4Qin & Han") The tombs followed a mixture of Chu and western Han Dynasty burial practices. The tombs were made of large cypress planks. The outside of the tombs were layered with white clay and charcoal; white clay layering was a practice that originated with Chu burials, while charcoal layering was a practice that was followed during the early western Han Dynasty in the Changsha area. The tombs contained nested lacquered coffins, a Chu burial custom. The tombs also followed the burial practices dictated by Emperor Wen of Han, containing no jade or precious metals. |
 | Chinese Civilization for Five Thousand Years3-3Qin & Han Emperor Gao 汉高祖(256 BC or 247 BC--June 1, 195 BC), commonly known inside China by his Temple Name, Gaozu (Chinese: 高祖; pinyin: Gāozǔ, Wade-Giles: Kao Tsu), personal name Liu Bang刘邦 (Wade-Giles: Liu Pang), was the first emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty, ruling over China from 202 BC until 195 BC, and one of only a few dynasty founders who emerged from the peasant class (the other major example being Zhu Yuanzhang founder of the Míng Dynasty). Before becoming an emperor, he was also called Duke of Pei (沛公) after his birthplace. He was also created as the Prince of Hàn by Xiang Yu, the Grand Prince of Western Chu following the collapse of Qín Dynasty, and was called so before becoming emperor. By historians' account, Liú Bang was the contrary to his rival, Xiang Yu. While Xiang Yu was normally depicted as a romantic and noble man, Liú Bāng was often mentioned as a rogue. Xiang Yu was always kind and gentle to his peer and subordinates. However, he was an inferior politician. Han Xin (韓信) described Xiang Yu as "having the kindness of women," meaning that, in his opinion, Xiang's "kindness" was petty and did not benefit either his regime or his people. Xiang Yu also did not know how to utilize his talented subordinates; Han Xin, for example, was a soldier under Xiang, and his later defection to Liú Bāng, for whom he served as the commander in chief, would be extremely damaging to Xiang. Other main problems with Xiang's rule was his deliberate cruelty in military campaigns, his inability to accept criticism and wise counsel, and his inability to delegate. Liú Bāng, on the contrary, was bold and arrogant. He was able to manipulate his peers and subordinates. By giving glory and territory generously while fighting Xiang Yu, he won the hearty support of most of his peer princes and subordinates. However, once he became the emperor, Liú Bāng ruthlessly oppressed them and executed several of them, most notably Han Xin and Peng Yue. Ying Bu, driven to rebellion by fear, was also destroyed. Liú Bāng's strong suits were an ability to make decisions based on counsel of others, an uncanny ability to judge the wisdom of counsel given to him; an ability to delegate; and his ability to figure out what would bring a person to follow him. While Liú Bāng might have been deliberately derogatory of Xiang, he was not particularly off the mark when he commented on the reason why he was successful and Xiang was not: The most important reason is that I know how to use people and Xiang Yu did not. As to being able to set out a strategy in a tent but determining success or failure in the events a thousand miles away, I am not as good as Zhang Liang. As to guarding the home base, comforting the people, and supplying the army so that it lacked neither food nor supplies, I am not as good as Xiao He. As to leading untrained large forces but always being successful whether battling or sieging, I am not as good as Han Xin. These three people are heroes among men, but I know how to use them, so I was able to conquer the lands under heaven. Xiang Yu only had one great advisor, Fan Zeng, but was unable to use him properly, and so was defeated by me. An incident involving Ying Bu demonstrates his personality well. Ying Bu was initially a subordinate of Xiang's, and in reward for Ying's military capabilities, Xiang created him the Prince of Jiujiang. However, Xiang also clearly began to distrust Ying, and once when Ying, then ill, was unable to lead a force on Xiang's behalf, Xiang sent a delegation to rebuke him and to monitor his illness, not believing the illness to be genuine. In fear and goaded by the diplomat Sui He (隨何), whom Liú Bāng sent to Jiujiang to try to make an alliance with Ying, Ying rebelled against Xiang, but his army was defeated by Xiang and he fled to Liú Bāng's headquarters. When Liú Bāng received Ying, he was half-naked and washing his feet, and he greeted Ying in crude language. Ying, a great general in his own right and a prince, was so humiliated that he considered suicide. However, once Liú Bāng had Ying escorted to the headquarters that he had built in anticipation of Ying's arrival, Ying became impressed — Ying's headquarters had the same size, same furnishings, same level of personnel staffing, and same security as Liú Bāng's own headquarters. Ying got the impression that Liú Bāng's earlier slights were in fact endearments, treating him as an equal and a brother in arms, and he became a key figure in Liú Bāng's campaign against Xiang. Xiang Yu was generally remembered as a fallen hero, while many considered Liú Bāng a rogue. However, Liú Bāng treated the commons much better than the former nobles. He was a truly popular monarch, thus establishing one of the golden ages of China. ------------------------------------------------- 2,Eastern Zhou东周(770-256 B.C.) 1),Spring and Autumn Period春秋(770-476 B.C) 2),Warring States战国(475-211 B.C) IV,Qin Dynasty秦朝(221-207 B.C.) V,Han Dynasty汉朝(206 B.C.-220) |
 | Qin Shi Huang Di The First Emperor of China |
 | Mummy of China (Part 1) Mummies uncovered at Xinjiang / China in 2003 / 2004. There are 2 mummies shown in the video, the younger one has nicknamed "Princess of Loulan". The older one is the most important among all mummies which is uncovered at the center of the tomb hill. Both mummies look like european. |
 | Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses兵马俑：复活的军团3-3Battlefield死生之地 III, On the Battlefield 三，死生之地 |
 | Discovery探索发现-Mawangdui马王堆传奇8-8 (A total of 4.There are some English descriptions on this video in "Chinese Civilization for Five Thousand Years3-4Qin & Han") The tombs followed a mixture of Chu and western Han Dynasty burial practices. The tombs were made of large cypress planks. The outside of the tombs were layered with white clay and charcoal; white clay layering was a practice that originated with Chu burials, while charcoal layering was a practice that was followed during the early western Han Dynasty in the Changsha area. The tombs contained nested lacquered coffins, a Chu burial custom. The tombs also followed the burial practices dictated by Emperor Wen of Han, containing no jade or precious metals. |
 | Chinese Civilization for Five Thousand Years6-1Buddhism VI，Buddhism's Prevalence 六、佛道盛行 During the devout years of Wei,Jin & Northern and Southern Dynasties.There everywhere are Shadows of Buddha, enormous caves and sculptures caved of stone over China. 魏晋南北朝,一段虔诚的岁月,庞大的石窟、石刻,到处都是佛的身影 The Southern and Northern Dynasties (Chinese: 南北朝; pinyin: nánběicháo; 420-589 AD) followed the Sixteen Kingdoms and preceded Sui Dynasty in China. It was an age of civil war and political disunity. However it was also a time of flourishing in the arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spread of foreign Mahayana Buddhism and native Daoism. Distinctive Chinese Buddhism was also matured during this time and shaped by the northern and southern dynasties alike. Despite (or perhaps because of) the political disunity of the times, there were notable technological advances in China. With the invention of the stirrup during the earlier Western Jin Dynasty, not only were cavalry tactics improved immensely, but heavily armored Chinese cavalry also became the norm in this age. Advances in medicine, astronomy, mathematics, and cartography are also noted by historians. The famous Chinese mathematician and astronomer Zu Chongzhi (429 - 500 AD) belonged to this age, an intellectual and social product of the elite culture shaped and developed in southern China during this period of time. The Chinese arts of poetry, calligraphy, painting, and music flourished during this period like never before, as Chinese aristocrats mainly in the south were socially expected to master these as their pastimes. Although the north had its cultural achievements, the south (specifically at the capital of Nanjing) was the place for higher cultural achievement, elitist culture, artistic refinement, and new standards of art that ranked artists according to their various abilities. The Northern Wei Dynasty (北魏, pinyin: běi wèi, 386-534), also known as the Tuoba Wei (拓拔魏) or Yuan Wei (元魏), is most noted for the unification of northern China in 439, it was also heavily involved in funding the arts and many antiques and art works from this period have survived. In 494 AD the dynasty moved its capital from Datong to Luoyang and started the construction of the artificial Longmen Caves. More than 30,000 Buddhist images from the time of this dynasty have been found in the caves. It is thought the dynasty originated from the Tuoba clan of the non-Han Xianbei tribe. The Tuobas renamed themselves the Yuans as a part of systematic Sinicization. Towards the end of the dynasty there was significant internal dissidence resulting in a split into Eastern Wei Dynasty and Western Wei Dynasty. ------------------------------------------------- VIII，Eastern Jin Dynasty东晋(3170420) IX,Northern and Southern Dynasties南北朝 1,Southern Dynasty南朝 1)，Song宋(420-479) 2),Qi齐(479-502) 3),Liang梁(502-557) 4),Chen陈(557-589) 2,Northern Dynasties北朝 1),Northern Wei北魏(386-534) 2),Eastern Wei东魏(534-550) 3),Northern Qi北齐(550-556) 4),Western Wei西魏(535-556) 5),Northern Zhou北周(557-581) X,Sui Dynasty隋朝(581-618) |
 | Hawaii Surfer Uses Surfboard to Kill Shark! Here are visual instructions as to preventing a serious shark attack while surfing in Hawaii or anywhere...use your surfboard.... |
 | Area 51 Exposed! http://youtube.com/watch?v=uS2RYRd0gCU Great Area 51 Documentary^ Las Vegas' George Knapp investigates, shows that the Joint Terrorism Task Force and the FBI are involved at the secret base. |
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