den sogdian aleksay roma nastya and sasha join my forum chelsi.activeboard.com

Iran-e Bozorg. http://pan-iranism.com/ Also known as Aryana or Ariana in the Hellenized form. Greater Khorasan, Khorasan-e Bozorg. Fars/Pars, Khorasan, Bactria-Balkh. Cyrus the Great. Koroush e Bozorg. Zoroaster. Zardusht. From the Tigris river to the Caucasus, to the Hindus river, to Central Asia, it's all Iran, Iran-e Bozorg, Iran Zamin. Greater Iran (in Persian: ایران بزرگ Irān-e Bozorg, or ایران‌زمین Irān-zamīn; the Encyclopedia Iranica uses the term Iranian Cultural Continent[1]) is a term for the Iranian plateau in addition to the entire region with significant Iranian cultural influence. It roughly corresponds to the territory stretching from the Caucasus to the Indus River, or that of the two Persian Empires (Achaemenid and Sassanid), and conform to the historical understanding of the full territory of "Iran." Keywords: greater iran iran zameen iran e bozorg ariana aryana fars pars persia tehran persepolis shiraz tehran mashhad tus afghanistan afghanistani herat ghor ghazni balkh bokhdi bactra bactria kabul kabulistan dushanbe samarkand samarqand bukhara bokhara bamiyan bamyan badakhshan panjsher panjshir badakhsan ghazni ghor ghur samangan merv merw kurdish kurdistan tajikistan afghanistan uzbekistan turkmenistan azerbaijan iraq azeri iraqi iraqis Kyrgyzstan western China Tashkorgan Tashkurghan kurdistan kurdistani armenia pan-iranism Iranic languages: Old * Western: Median · Old Persian * Eastern: Avestan† · Old Scythian · Old Sogdian Middle * Western: Parthian† · Middle Persian * Eastern: Bactrian† · Khwarezmian† · Ossetic · Parnian · Sacian · Saka · Scythian · Sogdian Modern * Western: Alviri (Vidâri) · Ashtiani · Old Azari† · Baluchi · Bashkardi · Central Iran · Persian Dari · Dari (Zoroastrian) · Gilaki · Gorani · Harzani · Judeo-Persian · Kurmanji Kurdish · Laki · Luri · Bakhtiari Lori · Mazandarani · Ormuri · Sangsari · Parachi · New Persian · Sorani Kurdish · Tajik · Taleshi · Tat · Tati · Vafsi · Zazaki * Eastern: Bartangi · Hindukush Group · Ishkashmi · Karakoram Group · Khufi · Munji · Oroshori · New Ossetic · Parachi · Pashto · Roshani (Roshni) · Sanglechi · Sarikoli · Shughni · Wakhi · Vanji† · Waziri · Yaghnobi · Yidgha · Yazgulami · Zebaki Modern Iranic peoples: * Azeris * Baloch * Gilanis * Jasz * Kurds * Laks * Mazanderanis * Ossetians * Pamiri people * Parsis & Iranis * Pashtuns * Persians * Bakhtiaris * Farsiwans * Hazaras * Lurs * Tajiks * Tats * Tajiks of China * Talysh * Wakhi * Zazas Ancient Iranic/Iranian peoples: * West Iranian o Persians + Pallavas, descended from Persian invaders of India o Medes o Parthians o Sagarthians (whose name survives in the name of the Zagros Mountains[citation needed]). o Corduchi [1] o Azaris * East Iranian o Bactrians o Khwarezmians o Sogdians o Scytho-Sarmatian + Sarmatians, including the Rhoxolani, Iazyges, Siraces + Alans (sometimes considered a branch of the Sarmatians) + Saka (Scythians) + Parama Kambojas, of the Allai valley/Allai mountains, north of Hindukush. + Parni + Massagetae Possible Ancient Iranian peoples whose designation is uncertain: * Cimmerians (ethnicity as Iranians specifically unknown) * Sigynnae (uncertain, known only by obscure reports) * Xionites (uncertain, known only by obscure reports) * Hephthalites (uncertain but highly possible)

Sebastian Heine habibullah Rafi shamshad tv. Pashto is his favorite language, and that really means something, since all in all Sebastian Heine speaks some 35 languages. According to him Zoroaster Zarathustra, Zartosht Zoroastrianism was a pashtun pashton from afghanistan.Ahura Mazda, Avesta Gathas Sassanian Avestan Scythian Ossetian Sogdian Yaghnobi Pamiri Balochi Parthian Vedic Sanskrit Pāli Persian aryana arier aria saka scaythian alan Khan pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pashtu pakhto pashto pashtoon pashton pashtunistan pakhtunistan pekhwar pekhawr kh همايون خان Hamayun Khan pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pashtu pakhto pashto pashtoon pashton pashtunistan pakhtunistan pekhwar pekhawr khyber waziristan achakzai patan attan atan kabul peshwar ningerhar afghan qandahar kandahar helmand laghman kunar wardak paktia paktiya mardan swat pakhtunkhwa پشاور پښور پښتونستان پښتون پختونستان پختون افغانستان افغان خيبر Najib haqparast Ahmad Zahir Ahmad Zaher Hangama Malalai joya Nashenas farhad darya Dr. najibullah Karmal baryalai pashtonistan peshwar peshwari pekhwar khyber waziristan hazara tajik herat qandahar paktia ariana Afghanistan afghan pashtoon pashton qandahar kandahar pashto wahid qasimi aman esan obaid karzai achakzai zazai zadran paktia logar kunar nangerhar ningerhar laghman nuristan sawat vally peshwar pekhawar arfan rahim shah mangal naghma sarban qader ashpari habib qaderi atash bayat khorasan chorasan nimroz helmand baghlan paghman balkh mazar sharif samangan faryab farah takhar badakhshan achakzai pakhtunistan pashtonistan afghanistan pakhtunkhwa qandahar herat ghazni laghman nengerhar logar mazar sharif pakhtu pashto pashtu hazaragi tajik sulaiman Layeq afg pashto pakhtu pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pakhtunkhwa khybar pekhwar pekhwari peshwar achakzai qamar gula emal zakhel zakhil afridi Altpersisch, Avestisch, Pahlavi, Baktrisch, Sogdisch, Sakisch, Pashto, Parachi, Ormuri, Wakhi, Yaghnobi, Sanglichi, Ishkahmi, Ossetisch, Yidgha-Munji, Urdu, Hindi, Farsi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Kurmandschi-Kurdisch, Baluchi, Sanskrit, Pali, Gandhari, Latein, Griechisch, Altirisch, Mittelkymrisch, Gotisch, Usbekisch, Aramäisch, Arabisch, Französisch, Englisch Bactrians Bactria Alania Alans Ossetia Sarmatian Scytho-Sarmatian Khwarezmian Massagetae Scythians sakas اوستا زردشت

2002 Visit of / Visite de / Besuch von / Visita de / Chiamata di de Samarkande (ouzbekistan) / Samarkand (uzbekistan) Samarkandの訪問 / زياره سمرقند / 访问萨马尔罕 / Samarkand의 방문 Samarkand (Greek: Marakanda) is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the (Silk Road) trade route between China and Europe. At times Samarkand has been the greatest city of Central Asia, and for much of its history it has been under Persian rule. Founded circa 700 BCE it was already the capital of the Sogdian satrapy under the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia when Alexander the Great conquered it in 329 BCE (see Afrasiab, Sogdiana). Under Sassanid Empire of Persia, Samarkand flourished and became one of the most important cities of the Persian empire. Under Abbasid rule, the secret of papermaking was obtained from two Chinese prisoners from the Battle of Talas in 751, which led to the first paper mill in the Islamic world to be founded in Samarkand. The invention then spread to the rest of the Islamic world, and from there to Europe (either through Spain or through crusaders). From the 6th to 13th centuries it grew larger and more populous than modern Samarkand and was controlled by the Western Turks, Arabs (who converted the area to Islam), Persian Samanids, Karakhan Turks, Seljuk Turks, Karakitay, and Khorezmshah before being sacked by the Mongols in 1220. A small part of the population survived, but Samarkand suffered at least another Mongol sack by Khan Baraq to get treasure he needed to pay an army with. The town took many decades to recover from these disasters. In 1370, Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) decided to make Samarkand the capital of his projected world empire, which extended from India to Turkey. For the next 35 years, he built a new city, populating it with artisans and craftsmen from all of the places he had captured. Timur gained a reputation for wisdom and generosity, and Samarkand grew to become the center of the region of Transoxiana. His grandson Ulugh Beg ruled the country for 40 years. In Samarkand, Ulugh Beg created a scientific school that united outstanding astronomers and mathematicians. He also ordered the construction of an observatory; it contained a gigantic but precision-made marble sextant with an arc length of 63 meters. Ulugh Beg is also founder of uzbek language and uzbek nation. In the 16th century,Shaybanids moved their capital to Bukhara, and Samarkand went into decline. After an assault by the Persian warlord Nadir Shah, the city was abandoned in the 18th century. In 1868, the city came under Russian rule, when the citadel was stormed by a force under Colonel A.K. Abramov (1836-1886). Shortly thereafter the small Russian garrison of 500 men were themselves besieged. The assault was led by Abdul Malik Tura, the rebellious elder son of the Bukharan Emir, together with the Bek of Shahrisabz, and the attack was beaten off with heavy losses. Abramov, now a general, became the first Governor of the Military Okrug which the Russians established along the course of the River Zeravshan, of which Samarkand was the administrative centre. It later became the capital of the Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan, and grew in importance still further when the Trans-Caspian railway reached the city in 1888. It became the capital of the Uzbek SSR in 1925 before being replaced by Tashkent in 1930. (wikipedia) VALPARD FILMS http://valpardfilms.free.fr/

Sebastian Heine habibullah Rafi shamshad tv. Pashto is his favorite language, and that really means something, since all in all Sebastian Heine speaks some 35 languages. According to him Zoroaster Zarathustra, Zartosht Zoroastrianism was a pashtun pashton from afghanistan.Ahura Mazda, Avesta Gathas Sassanian Avestan Scythian Ossetian Sogdian Yaghnobi Pamiri Balochi Parthian Vedic Sanskrit Pāli Persian aryana arier aria saka scaythian alan Khan pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pashtu pakhto pashto pashtoon pashton pashtunistan pakhtunistan pekhwar pekhawr kh همايون خان Hamayun Khan pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pashtu pakhto pashto pashtoon pashton pashtunistan pakhtunistan pekhwar pekhawr khyber waziristan achakzai patan attan atan kabul peshwar ningerhar afghan qandahar kandahar helmand laghman kunar wardak paktia paktiya mardan swat pakhtunkhwa پشاور پښور پښتونستان پښتون پختونستان پختون افغانستان افغان خيبر Najib haqparast Ahmad Zahir Ahmad Zaher Hangama Malalai joya Nashenas farhad darya Dr. najibullah Karmal baryalai pashtonistan peshwar peshwari pekhwar khyber waziristan hazara tajik herat qandahar paktia ariana Afghanistan afghan pashtoon pashton qandahar kandahar pashto wahid qasimi aman esan obaid karzai achakzai zazai zadran paktia logar kunar nangerhar ningerhar laghman nuristan sawat vally peshwar pekhawar arfan rahim shah mangal naghma sarban qader ashpari habib qaderi atash bayat khorasan chorasan nimroz helmand baghlan paghman balkh mazar sharif samangan faryab farah takhar badakhshan achakzai pakhtunistan pashtonistan afghanistan pakhtunkhwa qandahar herat ghazni laghman nengerhar logar mazar sharif pakhtu pashto pashtu hazaragi tajik sulaiman Layeq afg pashto pakhtu pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pakhtunkhwa khybar pekhwar pekhwari peshwar achakzai qamar gula emal zakhel zakhil afridi Altpersisch, Avestisch, Pahlavi, Baktrisch, Sogdisch, Sakisch, Pashto, Parachi, Ormuri, Wakhi, Yaghnobi, Sanglichi, Ishkahmi, Ossetisch, Yidgha-Munji, Urdu, Hindi, Farsi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Kurmandschi-Kurdisch, Baluchi, Sanskrit, Pali, Gandhari, Latein, Griechisch, Altirisch, Mittelkymrisch, Gotisch, Usbekisch, Aramäisch, Arabisch, Französisch, Englisch Bactrians Bactria Alania Alans Ossetia Sarmatian Scytho-Sarmatian Khwarezmian Massagetae Scythians اوستا زردشت

The Silk Road The Silk Road was the most important pre-modern Eurasian trade route. During this period of the Pax Sinica, the Silk Road reached its golden age, whereby Persian and Sogdian merchants benefited from the commerce between East and West. At the same time, the Chinese empire welcomed foreign cultures, making the Tang capital the most cosmopolitan area in the world. In addition, the maritime port city of Guangzhou in the south was also a home to many foreign merchants and travelers from abroad. Although the Silk Road from China to the West was initially formulated during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (141--87 BC) centuries before, it was reopened by the Tang in 639 when Hou Junji conquered the West, and remained open for three decades. It was closed after the Tibetans captured it, largely blocking the route to the west. About 20 years later, during Empress Wu Zetian's period, the Silk Road reopened when the Tang empire reconquered the Four Garrisons of Anxi, once again connecting China directly to the West for land-based trade. After the An Shi Rebellion ended in 763, the Tang Empire had once again lost control over many of its outer western lands, as the Tibetan Empire largely cut off China's direct access to the Silk Road. It was not until the 840s that Tang China regained its western territories from Tibet, which contained crucial grazing areas and pastures for raising horses that the Tang Dynasty desperately needed. Despite the many western travelers coming into China to live and trade, many travelers, mainly religious monks, recorded the strict border laws that the Chinese enforced. As the monk Xuanzang and many other monk travelers attested to, there were many Chinese government checkpoints along the Silk Road that examined travel permits into the Tang Empire.Furthermore, banditry was a problem along the checkpoints and oasis towns, as Xuanzang also recorded that his group of travelers were assaulted by bandits on multiple occasions.

"Mavjuda" Jonibek Murodov Gr. VAZIR Directed by Farruh Ulmas Tajikistan

The real Aryans live in Iran, Afghanistan Tajikistan, Pakistan and India. With the attack of the mongols and turks most of the people there got "turkified" or "mongolzied". However some of those survided!

Sebastian Heine habibullah Rafi shamshad tv. Pashto is his favorite language, and that really means something, since all in all Sebastian Heine speaks some 35 languages. According to him Zoroaster Zarathustra, Zartosht Zoroastrianism was a pashtun pashton from afghanistan.Ahura Mazda, Avesta Gathas Sassanian Avestan Scythian Ossetian Sogdian Yaghnobi Pamiri Balochi Parthian Talysh Vedic Sanskrit Pāli Persian aryana arier aria saka scaythian alan Khan pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pashtu pakhto pashto pashtoon pashton pashtunistan pakhtunistan pekhwar pekhawr kh همايون خان Hamayun Khan pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pashtu pakhto pashto pashtoon pashton pashtunistan pakhtunistan pekhwar pekhawr khyber waziristan achakzai patan attan atan kabul peshwar ningerhar afghan qandahar kandahar helmand laghman kunar wardak paktia paktiya mardan swat pakhtunkhwa پشاور پښور پښتونستان پښتون پختونستان پختون افغانستان افغان خيبر Najib haqparast Ahmad Zahir Ahmad Zaher Hangama Malalai joya Nashenas farhad darya Dr. najibullah Karmal baryalai pashtonistan peshwar peshwari pekhwar khyber waziristan hazara tajik herat qandahar paktia ariana Afghanistan afghan pashtoon pashton qandahar kandahar pashto wahid qasimi aman esan obaid karzai achakzai zazai zadran paktia logar kunar nangerhar ningerhar laghman nuristan sawat vally peshwar pekhawar arfan rahim shah mangal naghma sarban qader ashpari habib qaderi atash bayat khorasan chorasan nimroz helmand baghlan paghman balkh mazar sharif samangan faryab farah takhar badakhshan achakzai pakhtunistan pashtonistan afghanistan pakhtunkhwa qandahar herat ghazni laghman nengerhar logar mazar sharif pakhtu pashto pashtu hazaragi tajik sulaiman Layeq afg pashto pakhtu pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pakhtunkhwa khybar pekhwar pekhwari peshwar achakzai qamar gula emal zakhel zakhil afridi Altpersisch, Avestisch, Pahlavi, Baktrisch, Sogdisch, Sakisch, Pashto, Parachi, Ormuri, Wakhi, Yaghnobi, Sanglichi, Ishkahmi, Ossetisch, Yidgha-Munji, Urdu, Hindi, Farsi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Kurmandschi-Kurdisch, Baluchi, Sanskrit, Pali, Gandhari, Latein, Griechisch, Altirisch, Mittelkymrisch, Gotisch, Usbekisch, Aramäisch, Arabisch, Französisch, Englisch Bactrians Bactria Alania Alans Ossetia Sarmatian Scytho-Sarmatian Khwarezmian Massagetae Scythians sakas اوستا زردشت

Sebastian Heine habibullah Rafi shamshad tv. Pashto is his favorite language, and that really means something, since all in all Sebastian Heine speaks some 35 languages. According to him Zoroaster Zarathustra, Zartosht Zoroastrianism was a pashtun pashton from afghanistan.Ahura Mazda, Avesta Gathas Sassanian Avestan Scythian Ossetian Sogdian Yaghnobi Pamiri Balochi Gilaki Kurdish Mazanadarani Parthian Talysh Zazaki Vedic Sanskrit Pāli Persian aryana arier aria saka scaythian alan Khan pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pashtu pakhto pashto pashtoon pashton pashtunistan pakhtunistan pekhwar pekhawr kh همايون خان Hamayun Khan pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pashtu pakhto pashto pashtoon pashton pashtunistan pakhtunistan pekhwar pekhawr khyber waziristan achakzai patan attan atan kabul peshwar ningerhar afghan qandahar kandahar helmand laghman kunar wardak paktia paktiya mardan swat pakhtunkhwa پشاور پښور پښتونستان پښتون پختونستان پختون افغانستان افغان خيبر Najib haqparast Ahmad Zahir Ahmad Zaher Hangama Malalai joya Nashenas farhad darya Dr. najibullah Karmal baryalai pashtonistan peshwar peshwari pekhwar khyber waziristan hazara tajik herat qandahar paktia ariana Afghanistan afghan pashtoon pashton qandahar kandahar pashto wahid qasimi aman esan obaid karzai achakzai zazai zadran paktia logar kunar nangerhar ningerhar laghman nuristan sawat vally peshwar pekhawar arfan rahim shah mangal naghma sarban qader ashpari habib qaderi atash bayat khorasan chorasan nimroz helmand baghlan paghman balkh mazar sharif samangan faryab farah takhar badakhshan achakzai pakhtunistan pashtonistan afghanistan pakhtunkhwa qandahar herat ghazni laghman nengerhar logar mazar sharif pakhtu pashto pashtu hazaragi tajik sulaiman Layeq afg pashto pakhtu pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pakhtunkhwa khybar pekhwar pekhwari peshwar achakzai qamar gula emal zakhel zakhil afridi Altpersisch, Avestisch, Pahlavi, Baktrisch, Sogdisch, Sakisch, Pashto, Parachi, Ormuri, Wakhi, Yaghnobi, Sanglichi, Ishkahmi, Ossetisch, Yidgha-Munji, Urdu, Hindi, Farsi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Kurmandschi-Kurdisch, Baluchi, Sanskrit, Pali, Gandhari, Latein, Griechisch, Altirisch, Mittelkymrisch, Gotisch, Usbekisch, Aramäisch, Arabisch, Französisch, Englisch Bactrians Bactria Alania Alans Ossetia Sarmatian Scytho-Sarmatian Khwarezmian Massagetae Scythians sakas اوستا زردشتی زردشت

Sebastian Heine habibullah Rafi shamshad tv. Pashto is his favorite language, and that really means something, since all in all Sebastian Heine speaks some 35 languages. According to him Zoroaster Zarathustra, Zartosht Zoroastrianism was a pashtun pashton from afghanistan.Ahura Mazda, Avesta Gathas Sassanian Avestan Scythian Ossetian Sogdian Yaghnobi Pamiri Balochi Gilaki Kurdish Mazanadarani زرتشت Parthian Talysh Zazaki Vedic Sanskrit اوستا Pāli Persian aryana arier aria saka scaythian alan Khan pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pashtu pakhto pashto pashtoon pashton pashtunistan pakhtunistan pekhwar pekhawr kh همايون خان Hamayun Khan pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pashtu pakhto pashto pashtoon pashton pashtunistan pakhtunistan pekhwar pekhawr khyber waziristan achakzai patan attan atan kabul peshwar ningerhar afghan qandahar kandahar helmand laghman kunar wardak paktia paktiya mardan swat pakhtunkhwa پشاور پښور پښتونستان پښتون پختونستان پختون افغانستان افغان خيبر Najib haqparast Ahmad Zahir Ahmad Zaher Hangama Malalai joya Nashenas farhad darya Dr. najibullah Karmal baryalai pashtonistan peshwar peshwari pekhwar khyber waziristan hazara tajik herat qandahar paktia ariana Afghanistan afghan pashtoon pashton qandahar kandahar pashto wahid qasimi aman esan obaid karzai achakzai zazai zadran paktia logar kunar nangerhar ningerhar laghman nuristan sawat vally peshwar pekhawar arfan rahim shah mangal naghma sarban qader ashpari habib qaderi atash bayat khorasan chorasan nimroz helmand baghlan paghman balkh mazar sharif samangan faryab farah takhar badakhshan achakzai pakhtunistan pashtonistan afghanistan pakhtunkhwa qandahar herat ghazni laghman nengerhar logar mazar sharif pakhtu pashto pashtu hazaragi tajik sulaiman Layeq afg pashto pakhtu pashtun pakhtun pakhtu pakhtunkhwa khybar pekhwar pekhwari peshwar achakzai qamar gula emal zakhel zakhil afridi Altpersisch, Avestisch, Pahlavi, Baktrisch, Sogdisch, Sakisch, Pashto, Parachi, Ormuri, Wakhi, Yaghnobi, Sanglichi, Ishkahmi, Ossetisch, Yidgha-Munji, Urdu, Hindi, Farsi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Kurmandschi-Kurdisch, Baluchi, Sanskrit, Pali, Gandhari, Latein, Griechisch, Altirisch, Mittelkymrisch, Gotisch, Usbekisch, Aramäisch, Arabisch, Französisch, Englisch Bactrians Bactria Alania Alans Ossetia Sarmatian Scytho-Sarmatian Khwarezmian Massagetae Scythians sakas افغانستان افغان

The An Shi Rebellion (simplified Chinese: 安史之乱; traditional Chinese: 安史之亂; pinyin: Ān Shǐ Zhīluàn) took place in China during the Tang Dynasty, from December 16, 755 to February 17, 763. It is also known as the Tianbao Rebellion (天寶之亂), because An Lushan started it in the 14th year of that namesake era. The alternative term An Lushan Rebellion neglects the participation of Shi Siming, a subordinate of An Lushan who later became the leader of the rebellion. An Lushan A Northern Qi stone stele depicting Sogdian musicians.An Lushan was a general of Sodgian-Turkic ancestry (i.e., non-Han). He was appointed by the Xuanzong emperor (following the suggestion of Yang Guifei and with the agreement of Li Linfu) to be commander (節度使) of three garrisons in the north—Pinglu, Fanyang and Hedong. In effect, An was given control over the entire area north of the lower reaches of the Yellow River. With such power and land in his control (including garrisons about 164,000 strong), An Lushan planned a revolt, taking advantage of the absence of strong troops guarding the palace and of the popular discontent with the extravagant Tang court caused by a string of natural disasters. He avoided suspicion by pleasing the Emperor in as many ways as possible, even calling himself the adopted son of Xuanzong's favorite concubine, Yang Guifei. In this way, he was protected from criticism, even when the Chief Minister, Yang Guozhong, demanded his dismissal. (This version of events is disputed by some historians; see the articles about the Yangs, An and the emperor.) Revolt and initial successes In 755, An Lushan revolted under the pretense of punishing his tormentor Yang Guozhong. His army surged down from Fanyang (near Beijing in modern Hebei province). Along the way, An Lushan treated all surrendered local Tang officials with respect. As a result, more and more local officials joined his ranks. He moved rapidly along the Grand Canal of China and captured the city of Luoyang within the year. There, An Lushan declared himself Emperor of the new Great Yan dynasty (大燕皇帝). His next step would be to overtake the Tang capital and the rest of southern China. However, the battle for eastern China, went badly for An Lushan. Although his army was numerous, it was unable to take control of the Suiyang District (near modern dam Henan) from the Tang defenders. This prevented him from quickly conquering southern China, before the Tang were able to recover. By the time the Yan army took control of the Suiyang Distract, it was almost two years after the fall of Luoyang. ---------------------------------------- --------- XI,Tang Dynasty唐朝(618-907) XII,Five Dynasties五代 1,Later Liang后梁(907-923) 2,Later Tang后唐(923-936) 3,Later Jin后晋(936-946) 4,Later Han后汉(947-950) 5,Later Zhou后周(951-960)

An aerial survey of Krasnorechenskoe archeological site in the Chu river valley in Kyrgyzstan. The ruins are associated with the medieval town of Navekat, which was established as a Sogdian merchants' stopover on the Great Silk Road 4-9 ca AD. The place is known for its multi-confessional population. Temples of Zoroastrian Fire-worshipers, Buddhists and Nestorian Christians met in this spot of space-time.

Originally the region of Khorasan was inhabitet only by Eastern-Iranians such as Bactrians, Soghdians, Parthians, Sakas etc. who called themself Aryans and their country as Aryanam-Vaej (Land of Aryans). But during all periodes Khorasan became a new home for different people with different origine or was conquered, tough most of these people were Indo-Europeans. In pre-islamic times the Iranian tribes became mixed with each other, specially with the Persians. Because of it´s popularity, wealth and legends that was made about Khorasan many western Iranians, particularly Persians, were seeking for a new home and a better future, specially after civil wars. They moved to Bactria, Kabul, Sogdhiana, Gandhara and even to India (Gujjarat and Bombey, f.exp.) and to other regions. Also some Achemenids and Sassanians were resettling Persians from western Iran to eastern Iran when the population was overspilling and the pollution was increasing. Before the islamic invasion began, the Eastern-Iranians were already merged with the West-Iranians, mostly Persians. Modern Persians has a very important Sogdian and Parthian (and also Bactrian) ancestry. After the islamic conquest central Asia became a home for some Arabs that settled there toward the Persian population. Most of them became assimilated and were not able to remain ethnically unchanged. till the conquest of the nomadic Turko-Mongolians . The altaic wave (Mongol Envasion) brought new people to Transoxania and Greater Khorasan from the north and east of Asia. Some of these Turks and Mongols became islamized by the urban and educated population so they were able to establish with their help and bureaucracy powerful persianated empires and become to a certain grade also settlers or in some regions of central Asia (like in Uzbekistan, Aserbaidjan, Turkey) turkificating the Iranian and other Indo-European population either by language or traditions and culture. Sometimes, as their Iranian precursor, their empires reached also India and Indian merchants, craftsmen, historians, teachers, scholars etc. were moving to Greater Khorasan. The turbulent history of Khorasan is still reflected by it´s population. Nearly every ethnic of Indo-European and Non-Indo-European origine can be found in Khorasan. From Turks like Uzbeks, Kasakhs, Afsharis and Mongols like Arghunes, Persian-Speaking Hazaras etc. to Iranians like Tajiks (Persians), Pashais, Pashtuns and Indians. But the majority of Khorasan´s population is made by Indo-European-Speaking people with more than 80%. Concerned to the Turkic states of central Asia, genetical evidances proves by far more an iranic origine than a Turkic one which means that most so-called Turkic states in central Asia (Greater Khorasan) are originally descandants of Iranian people that became turkificated by small but military powerful tribes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Khorasan This part of wikipedia is based on fictions written by a Pashtoon Scholar named Habibi in the service of faschist communist Afghan government back in 70s and 80s.

Naqib Tajik & Rehana Tajik - Tajik/Persian Khurasani song with Persian Xurasani traditional clothes and on the background beautiful Tajik dancers show Tajik tradition/national dances that even infiltrated China´s royal court in the 7th century A.D when Sogdian were working for the court as generals, teachers and diplomates.

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A rose is a flowering shrub of the genus Rosa, and the flower of this shrub.[1][2] There are more than a hundred species of wild roses, all from the northern hemisphere and mostly from temperate regions. The species form a group of generally prickly shrubs or climbers, and sometimes trailing plants, reaching 2--5 metres tall, occasionally reaching as high as 20 metres by climbing over other plants.[3] The name originates from Latin rosa, borrowed through Oscan from colonial Greek in southern Italy: rhodon (Aeolic form: wrodon), from Aramaic wurrdā, from Assyrian wurtinnu, from Old Iranian *warda (cf. Armenian vard, Avestan warda, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr).[4][5] Rose hips are sometimes eaten, mainly for their vitamin C content. They are usually pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup, as the fine hairs surrounding the seeds are unpleasant to eat (resembling itching powder). They can also be used to make herbal tea, jam, jelly and marmalade. A rose that has aged or gone rotten may not be particularly fragrant, but the rose's basic chemistry prevents it from producing a pungent odor of any kind. Notably, when balled and mashed together the fragrance of the rose is enhanced.[6] The fragrance of particularly large balls of mashed roses is enhanced even further. Rose hips are also used to produce an oil used in skin products. Rose shrubs are often used by homeowners and landscape architects for home security purposes. The sharp thorns of many rose species deter unauthorized persons from entering private properties, and may prevent break-ins if planted under windows and near drainpipes. The aesthetic characteristics of rose shrubs, in conjunction with their home security qualities, makes them a considerable alternative to artificial fences and walls. Exposition Park

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The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads.[1] Some of these Eurasian tribes moved into Europe in the 4th and 5th centuries, most famously under Attila the Hun. Huns remaining in Asia are recorded by neighboring peoples to the south, east, and west as having occupied Central Asia roughly from the 4th century to the 6th century, with some surviving in the Caucasus until the early 8th century. The Huns were Mongoloid in appearance according to Roman writers. The only extant description on Attila's appearance is that of Priscus: "short of stature, with a broad chest and a large head; his eyes were small, his beard thin and sprinkled with gray; and he had a flat nose and a swarthy complexion, showing the evidences of his origin." Attila's physical appearance was most likely that of an Eastern Asian: Mongol and Turkic.[ [edit] Origin and identity The research and debate about the Asian ancestral origins of the Huns has been ongoing since the 18th century. For example philologists still debate to this day which ethnonym from Chinese, Persian or Armenian sources is not identical with the Latin Hunni or the Greek Chounnoi as evidence of the Huns' identity.[3] Recent genetic research[3] shows that the great confederations of steppe warriors were not an ethnically homogeneous people, but tended to be composed of various Eurasian clans, Mongoloid (Turkic, Tungus, Mongol, Finno-Ugric) and Caucasoid (Iranian, peoples of the Caucasus), the Huns had even incorporated many unrelated Iranian Scythian tribes (Alans, Sarmatians), Germanic tribes (Gepids, Goths) and Slav tribes. Hun identity is further complicated by the fame of the name, as apparently many clans claimed to be Huns for the prestige of the name. Similarly, Greek or Latin chroniclers may have used "Huns" in a more general sense, to describe social or ethnic characteristics, believed place of origin, or reputation.[3]"All we can say safely", says Walter Pohl,"is that the name Huns, in late antiquity, described prestigious ruling groups of steppe warriors".[3] These views come in the context of the ethnocentric and nationalistic scholarship of past generations, which often presumed that an ethnic homogeneity must underlie a socially and culturally homogeneous people.[4] Evidence from genetic and ethnogenesis research contrasts with traditional theories based on Chinese records, archaeology, linguistics and other indirect evidence. These theories contain various elements: that the name "Hun" first described a nomadic ruling group of warriors whose ethnic origins were in Central Asia, and was most likely in present day Mongolia; that possibly they were related to, or part of, the Xiongnu (first suggested by Joseph de Guignes in the 18th century); that the Xiongnu were defeated by the Chinese Han Empire; and that this is why they left Mongolia and moved west, eventually invading Europe 200 years later. Indirect evidence includes the transmission of the composite bow, the so-called Hun bow, from Central Asia to the west. This narrative is ingrained in western (and eastern) historiography, but the evidence is often indirect or ambiguous. The Huns left practically no written records. There is no record of what happened between the time they left China and arrived in Europe 150 years later. The last mention of the northern Xiongnu was their defeat by the Chinese in 151 at the lake of Barkol, after which they fled to the western steppe at K'ang-chü (centered on Turkestan in Kazakhstan). Chinese records between the 3rd and 4th century suggest that a small tribe called Yueban, remnants of northern Xiongnu, was distributed about the steppe of Kazakhstan. One recent line of reasoning favors a political and cultural link between the Huns and the Xiongnu. The Central Asian (Sogdian and Bactrian) sources of the 4th century translate "Huns" as "Xiongnu", and "Xiongnu" as "Huns"; also, Xiongnu and Hunnish cauldrons are virtually identical, and were buried on the same spots (river banks) in Hungary and in the Ordos.[5] The Huns may be of Turkic origin. This school of thought emerged when Joseph de Guignes in the 18th century identified the Huns with the Xiongnu or (H)siung-nu.[6] It is supported by O. Maenchen-Helfen on the basis of his linguistic studies.[7][8] English scholar Peter Heather called the Huns "the first group of Turkic, as opposed to Iranian, nomads to have intruded into Europe".[9] Turkish researcher Kemal Cemal bolsters this assertion by showing similarities in words and names in Turkic and Hunnic languages, and similarities in systems of governance of Hunnic and Turkic tribes. Hungarian historian Gyula Nemeth also supports this view.[10] Uyghur historian Turghun Almas has suggested a link between the Huns and the Uyghurs, a Turkic speaking people who reside in Xinjiang, China. The so-called "White Huns" of Procopius were probably not related to the classical Huns, but were most likely related to the Indo-European Iranians and Tocharians.[11][12][13] [edit] History The Hunnic Empire stretched from the steppes of Central Asia into modern Germany, and from the Black Sea to the Baltic Sea [edit] 2nd-5th centuries Dionysius Periegetes describes a people who may be Huns living near the Caspian Sea in the 2nd century. By AD 139, the European geographer Ptolemy writes that the "Khuni" are next to the Dnieper River and ruled by "Suni". He lists the "Chuni" as among the "Sarmatian" White Hun tribes in the second century, although it is not known for certain if these people were the Huns. The 5th century Armenian historian Moses of Khorene, in his "History of Armenia," introduces the Hunni near the Sarmatians and describes their capture of the city of Balk ("Kush" in Armenian) sometime between 194 and 214, which explains why the Greeks call that city Hunuk. Following the defeat of the Xiongnu by the Han, Xiongnu history is unknown for a century; thereafter, the Liu family of southern Xiongnu Tiefu attempted to establish a state in western China (see Han Zhao). Chionites (OIONO/Xiyon) appear on the scene in Transoxiana in 320 immediately after Jin Zhun overthrew Liu Can, sending the Xiongnu into chaos. Later Kidara came along to lead the Chionites into pressing on the Kushans. In the west, Ostrogoths came in contact with the Huns in AD 358. The Armenians mention Vund c.370: the first recorded Hunnish leader in the Caucasus region. The Romans invited the Huns east of Ukraine to settle Pannonia in 361, and in 372 they pushed west led by their king Balimir, and defeated the Alans. In the east, in the early 5th century, Tiefu Xia is the last southern Xiongnu dynasty in Western China and the Alchon / Huna appear in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan. At this point deciphering Hunnish histories for the multi-linguist becomes easier with relatively well-documented events in Byzantine, Armenian, Iranian, Indian, and Chinese sources. [edit] European Huns A 14th century chivalric-romanticized painting of "the huns" laying siege to a city. Note anachronistic details in weapons, armor and city type. Chronicon Pictum, 1360.The Huns appeared in Europe in the 4th century, apparently from in Central Asia. They first appeared north of the Black Sea, forcing a large number of Goths to seek refuge in the Roman Empire; later, the Huns appeared west of the Carpathians in Pannonia, probably sometime between 400 and 410, perhaps triggering the massive migration of Germanic tribes westward across the Rhine in December 406. The establishment of the 5th century Hunnic Empire marks a historically early instance of horseback migration. Under the leadership of Attila the Hun, the Huns achieved hegemony over several well-organized rivals by using superior weaponry such as the Hun bow, and a well-organized system of taxation. Supplementing their wealth by plundering wealthy Roman cities to the south, the Huns maintained the loyalties of a diverse number of tributary tribes. Attila's Huns incorporated groups of unrelated tributary peoples. In Europe, Alans, Gepids, Scirii, Rugians, Sarmatians, Slavs and Gothic tribes all united under the Hun family military elite. After Attila's death, some of his Huns eventually settled in Pannonia, but the Empire dissolved after his sons were defeated by Ardaric's coalition at the Battle of Nedao in 454, at modern day Nedava. Memory of the Hunnish conquest was transmitted orally among Germanic peoples and is an important component in the Old Norse Völsunga saga and Hervarar saga, and the Middle High German Nibelungenlied, all of which portray Migrations period events a millennium before their written recordings. In the Hervarar saga, the Goths make first contact with the bow-wielding Huns and meet them in an epic battle on the plains of the Danube. In the Völsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied, Attila (Atli in Norse and Etzel in German) defeats the Frankish king Sigebert I (Sigurðr or Siegfried) and the Burgundian King Guntram (Gunnar or Gunther), but is later assassinated by Queen Fredegund (Gudrun or Kriemhild), the sister of the latter and wife of the former. [edit] Successor nations Many nations have tried to assert themselves as ethnic or cultural successors to the Huns. For instance, the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans may indicate that they believed themselves to have been descended from Attila. The Bulgars certainly were part of the Hun tribal alliance for some time, and some have hypothesized in the past that the Chuvash language (which is believed to have descended from the Bulgar language) is the closest surviving relative of the Hunnish language.[14] The Magyars (Hungarians) also have laid claims to Hunnish heritage. Because the Huns who invaded Europe represented a loose coalition of various peoples, it is possible that Magyars were part of it. Until the early 20th century, many Hungarian historians believed that the Székely people (the Hungarians' "brother nation" who live in Transylvania) were the descendants of the Huns. The names "Hun" and "Hungarian" sound alike, but differ in etymology. The name "Hungarian" is derived from a Turkish phrase "onogur" which means "ten tribes", which possibly refers to a tribal covenant between the different Hungarian tribes that moved into the area of today's Hungary at the end of the 9th century. In 2005, a group of about 2,500 Hungarians petitioned the government for recognition of minority status as direct descendants of Attila. The bid failed, but gained some publicity for the group, which formed in the early 1990s and appears to represent a special Hun(garian)-centric brand of mysticism. The self-proclaimed Huns are not known to possess any distinctly Hunnish culture or language beyond what would be available from historical and modern-mystical Hungarian sources.[15] While it is clear that the Huns left descendants all over Eastern Europe, the disintegration of the Hun Empire meant they never regained their lost glory. One reason was that the Huns never fully established the mechanisms of a state, such as bureaucracy and taxes, unlike the Magyars or Golden Horde. Once disorganized, the Huns were absorbed by more organized polities. [edit] Historiography The term "Hun" has been also used to describe peoples with no historical connection to what scholars consider to be "Huns". On July 27, 1900, during the Boxer Rebellion in China, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany gave the order to "make the name 'German' remembered in China for a thousand years, so that no Chinaman [sic] will ever again dare to even squint at a German". This speech, wherein Kaiser Wilhelm invoked the memory of the 5th-century Huns, coupled with the Pickelhaube or spiked helmet worn by German forces until 1916, that was reminiscent of ancient Hun (and Hungarian) helmets, gave rise to the later derogatory English usage of the latter term for their German enemy during World War I. This usage was reinforced by Allied propaganda throughout the war, and many pilots of the RFC referred to their foe as "The Hun". The usage resurfaced during World War II.

Muitas e muitas flores no JA Roses Park. Um verdadeiro presente da natureza, purificando nossas almas. A função da flor é mediar a união dos gametas masculino e feminino num processo denominado polinização. Muitas flores dependem do vento para transportar o pólen entre flores da mesma espécie. Outras dependem de animais (especialmente insetos) para realizar este feito. O período de tempo deste processo (até que a flor esteja totalmente expandida e funcional) é chamado anthesis. Muitas das coisas na natureza desenvolveram-se para atrair animais polinizadores. Os movimentos do agente polinizador contribuem para a oportunidade de recombinação genética com uma população dispersa de plantas. Flores como essas são chamadas de entomófilas (literalmente: amantes de insetos). Flores normalmente têm nectários em várias partes para atrair esses animais. Abelhas e pássaros são polinizadores comuns: ambos têm visão colorida, assim escolhendo flores de coloração atrativa. Algumas flores têm padrões, chamados guias de néctar, que são evidentes na espectro ultravioleta, visível para abelhas, mas não para os humanos. Flores também atraem os polinizadores pelo aroma. A posição dos estamens assegura que os grãos de pólen sejam transferidos para o corpo do polinizador. Ao coletar néctar de várias flores da mesma espécie, o polinizador transfere o pólen entre as mesmas. O aroma das flores nem sempre é agradável ao nosso olfato. Algumas plantas como a Rafflesia, e a PawPaw Norte-Americana(Asimina triloba) são polinizadas por moscas, e produzem um cheiro de carne apodrecida para atrair esses ajudantes. Outras flores são polinizadas pelo vento (as gramíneas por exemplo) e não precisam atrair agentes polinizadores, tendendo assim a possuir aromas discretos. Flores polinizadas pelo vento são chamadas de anemófilas. Sendo assim o pólen de flores entomófilas costuma ser grudento e de uma granulatura maior, contendo ainda uma porção significante de proteína (outra recompensa para os polinizadores). Flores anemófilas são normalmente de granulatura menor, muito leves e de pequeno valor nutricional para os insetos. Existe muita contradição sobre a responsabilidade das flores nas alergias. Por exemplo, o entomófilo Goldenrod(Solidago) é freqüentemente culpado por alergias respiratórias, o que não é verdade, pois seu pólen não é carregado pelo ar. Por outro lado, a alergia é normalmente causada pelo pólen da anemófila Ragweed(Ambrosia), que pode vagar com o vento por vários quilômetros. A flower, also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a flower is to mediate the union of male sperm with female ovum in order to produce seeds. The process begins with pollination, is followed by fertilization, leading to the formation and dispersal of the seeds. For the higher plants, seeds are the next generation, and serve as the primary means by which individuals of a species are dispersed across the landscape. The grouping of flowers on a plant are called the inflorescence. In addition to serving as the reproductive organs of flowering plants, flowers have long been admired and used by humans, mainly to beautify their environment but also as a source of food. A rose is a perennial shrub or vine of the genus Rosa, within the family rosaceae, that contains over 100 species. The species form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp thorns. Most are native to Asia, with smaller numbers of species native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Natives, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance. [1] The leaves are alternate and pinnately compound, with sharply toothed oval shaped leaflets. The plants fleshy edible fruit is called a rose hip. Plants range in size from tiny miniature roses to climbers that can reach 20 metres. Species from different parts of the world easily hybridize, giving rise to the many types of garden roses. The name originates from Latin rosa, borrowed through Oscan from colonial Greek in southern Italy: rhodon (Aeolic form: wrodon), from Aramaic wurrdā, from Assyrian wurtinnu, from Old Iranian *warda (cf. Armenian vard, Avestan warda, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr).[2][3] Attar of rose is the steam-extracted essential oil from rose flowers that has been used in perfumes for centuries. Rose water, made from the rose oil, is widely used in Asian and Middle Eastern cuisine. Rose hips are sometimes made into jam, jelly and marmalade or brewed for tea, mainly for their vitamin C content. They are also pressed and filtered to make rose hip syrup. Rose hips are also used to produce an oil used in skin products.

Indo-European mummies in central Asia and China - A branch of nomadic Indo-European people of the indo-germanic sub-group, related with Indo-European people (Germans, Celts, Iranians (Aryans), Greecs...) of Europe and Central Asia, called by Greecs as Tocharatoi, by Chinese and later Turko-Mongolian people as (Ta-)Yu-echi/Da-Xia/Da-Hia and Da-Shi (''Tajik'') were nomading in the pontic and central Asian´s stepes up to China and Mongolia. Earliest records of their existence goes back for 4000 years ago. Unlike most Indo-European languages, their language was an isolated one, tough it belonged to the centum-branch (centum: 100; German, English, Dutch...) of the Indo-European languages, unlike the satem-branch (satem:100; Iranic languages (Abestan/Avestan), Sanscrit, Vedic, Sarkholi, Hindustani/Urdu....). The first evidance of their language dates on the 8th century A.D when first religious books were written in the Tocharian language in all Central Asia, their native and original language beside Bactrian and Soghdian. However, they became famous under the name ''Kushan'' (from Guishang, modern chinese provnce Gansu) and later again they were part of the larger Central Asian´s tribalic confoderation of the Hephthalites, a mixed ethos (Sogdians, Bactrians, Tocharians, Persians, Turks, Mongols and possibly Tibetans and Koreans) formed of deadly warriors from large parts of Asia.

Tengri Tanri Allah God .(....\............../....) ..\....\........... /..../ ...\....\........../..../ ....\..../´¯.l.¯`\.../ ..../... l....l....(¯ `\ ...l......l....l....\....\ ...l......l´¯.l´¯.l \....\ ...\......` ¯..¯ ´......· ....\_________.· .... BOZQURD cCc The first historical text to mention the Turks was from the standpoint of the Chinese, who mentioned trade of Turk tribes with the Sogdians along the Silk Road.[13] The Xiongnu mentioned in Han Dynasty records may have been Proto-Turkic speakers,[14][15][16][17][18] followed by the Hun hordes of Attila that tried to conquer Europe.[19][20] On the other hand, recent genetics research dated 2003[21] confirms the studies indicating that the Turkic people originated from the same area and therefore are possibly related with the Xiongnu.[22] The rock art of the Yinshan and Helanshan is dated from the 9th millennium BC to 19th century. It consists mainly of engraved signs (petroglyphs) and only minimally of painted images.[23] Ma Liqing compared the petroglyphs (which he presumed to be the sole extant example of possible Xiongnu writings), and the Orkhon script (the earliest known Turkic alphabet) recently, and argued a new connection between both of them.[24] Excavations conducted between 1924--1925, in Noin-Ula kurgans located in Selenga River in the northern Mongolian hills north of Ulan Bator, produced objects with over twenty carved characters, which were either identical or very similar to that of to the runic letters of the Turkic Orkhon script discovered in the Orkhon Valley.[25] The first recorded use of "Turk" as a political name is a sixth-century reference to the word now pronounced in Modern Chinese as Tujue. It is believed that some Turkic tribes, such as Khazars and Pechenegs, probably lived as nomads for many years before establishing a political state (Göktürk empire). Turkic peoples originally used their own alphabets, like Orkhon and Yenisey runiform, and later the Uyghur alphabet. The oldest inscription was found near the Issyk river in Kyrgyzstan and has been dated to 500 BC. The traditional national and cultural symbols of the Turkic peoples include the star and crescent, used as a symbol of Turks since pre-Islamic times[26] when they practised Shamanism; wolves, a part of Turkic mythology and tradition; as well as the color blue, iron, and fire. _______________- ____ ______________/__l /_l ____________/____v__l ___________/________l __________/_/________\ ___________/________\ __________/_________\ _________/___________\ ________/___TURK____\ ________/____________\ _______/____________/ ______/______l____l_l _____/_______\____\l_ ____/____---- __\____l ___/__/______\_\ ___i ___l__/_______)_\___l __/___________/_\___\ _/\__________/___\___\ l _____ _______)__\ ___) \________\